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阮麗梅
FranciscoPaulo
大健康學院
社會工作學碩士學位課程(中文學制)
碩士
2019
澳門長者家庭照顧者照顧負擔與生活質素之相關研究
A correlation study between caregiver burden and quality of life of family caregivers of the elderly in Macau.
長者家庭照顧者 ; 照顧負擔 ; 生活質素
Family Caregivers ; Caregiver Burden ; Quality Of Life
本研究目的了解澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔及生活質素之情況，探討研究對象基本屬性與照顧負擔以及生活質素各維度：生理健康、心理健康、社會關係及環境範疇的關係，本研究以居位在澳門社區的長者的家庭照顧者為研究對象，研究採取「量性」(Quantitative) 調查方法來蒐集所需要的資料和數據，抽樣共收到了172個樣本。研究工具採結構式問題，內容包括：照顧者的基本屬性、Zarit照顧者負荷量表中心版22題及台灣簡明版世界衛生組織生活品質問卷，所得資料以SPSS/PC 22.0套裝軟體進行描述性統計、獨立樣本 t 檢定（Independent Sample t-test）、單因子變異數分析（One-way ANOVA）進行分析及皮爾森相關分析(Pearson Correlation)。
研究發現部份人口統計學的變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度有顯著的差異，此外，澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔與生活質素呈中度的負相關，依照研究假設，歸納以下的結論：每月低家庭收入的生活質素低於每月高家庭收入，當中經濟援助的生活質素最差，應改善經濟收入；每天照顧時數少的照顧負擔低於每天照顧時數多的照顧負擔，應減少照顧時數，減低照顧壓力，有聘請家傭的生活質素總分與心理健康高於沒有聘請家傭，家傭協助照顧及家務工作能夠增加照顧者的生活質素。而唯一照顧者的照顧負擔(M=2.03±0.95)高於不是唯一照顧者(M=1.52±0.73)，唯一照顧獨自照顧家中老人，因此影響其照顧負擔，與被照顧者同住的照顧負擔(M=1.81±0.88)高於不是與被照顧者同住(M=1.53±0.77)，同住問題長時間見面可能會產生磨擦，增加照顧者的負擔。透過是次研究能夠達到研究目的找到上述的因素，用以舒緩照顧者壓力，改善其生活質素。
研究發現部份人口統計學的變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度有顯著的差異，此外，澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔與生活質素呈中度的負相關，依照研究假設，歸納以下的結論：每月低家庭收入的生活質素低於每月高家庭收入，當中經濟援助的生活質素最差，應改善經濟收入；每天照顧時數少的照顧負擔低於每天照顧時數多的照顧負擔，應減少照顧時數，減低照顧壓力，有聘請家傭的生活質素總分與心理健康高於沒有聘請家傭，家傭協助照顧及家務工作能夠增加照顧者的生活質素。而唯一照顧者的照顧負擔(M=2.03±0.95)高於不是唯一照顧者(M=1.52±0.73)，唯一照顧獨自照顧家中老人，因此影響其照顧負擔，與被照顧者同住的照顧負擔(M=1.81±0.88)高於不是與被照顧者同住(M=1.53±0.77)，同住問題長時間見面可能會產生磨擦，增加照顧者的負擔。透過是次研究能夠達到研究目的找到上述的因素，用以舒緩照顧者壓力，改善其生活質素。
The purpose of this study is to explore A correlation study between caregiver burden and quality of life of family caregivers of the elderly in Macau. Taking the caregivers of elderly people in Macao community as the research objects, a total of 172 samples were received.
The research tool adopts structural questions including the basic attributes of caregivers, 22 questions in the Central Edition of Zarit Caregivers Load Scale,and the Questionnaires of Taiwan-version of WHOQOL. The obtained data were made the descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test，One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis with the SPSS/PC 22.0 packaged software.
The study found that some demographic variables are significantly different from the care burden and quality of life in all dimensions. In addition, the care burden of Macao elderly family caregivers is moderately negatively correlated with quality of life. According to the research hypothesis, the following conclusions : The quality of life of monthly low family income is lower than that of high monthly family income. Among them, the quality of life of financial assistance is the worst, and the economic income should be improved. The care burden with less care hours per day is lower than the care burden with more care hours per day. Care hours should be reduced to reduce care pressure. The total quality of life and mental health of employed domestic helpers are higher than those without domestic helpers. Domestic helpers assist in care and housework can increase the quality of life of caregivers. The care burden of the sole caregiver (M = 2.03 ± 0.95) is higher than that of the caregiver who is not the sole caregiver (M = 1.52 ± 0.73), and the sole caregiver takes care of the elderly at home alone, which affects the care burden and the burden of care with the care recipient (M = 1.81 ± 0.88) is higher than not living with the person being cared for (M = 1.53 ± 0.77). Long-term meeting with the living problem may cause friction and increase the burden of the caregiver. Through this study, the above-mentioned factors can be achieved to find the above-mentioned factors, so as to relieve the pressure of caregivers and improve their quality of life.
The research tool adopts structural questions including the basic attributes of caregivers, 22 questions in the Central Edition of Zarit Caregivers Load Scale,and the Questionnaires of Taiwan-version of WHOQOL. The obtained data were made the descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test，One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis with the SPSS/PC 22.0 packaged software.
The study found that some demographic variables are significantly different from the care burden and quality of life in all dimensions. In addition, the care burden of Macao elderly family caregivers is moderately negatively correlated with quality of life. According to the research hypothesis, the following conclusions : The quality of life of monthly low family income is lower than that of high monthly family income. Among them, the quality of life of financial assistance is the worst, and the economic income should be improved. The care burden with less care hours per day is lower than the care burden with more care hours per day. Care hours should be reduced to reduce care pressure. The total quality of life and mental health of employed domestic helpers are higher than those without domestic helpers. Domestic helpers assist in care and housework can increase the quality of life of caregivers. The care burden of the sole caregiver (M = 2.03 ± 0.95) is higher than that of the caregiver who is not the sole caregiver (M = 1.52 ± 0.73), and the sole caregiver takes care of the elderly at home alone, which affects the care burden and the burden of care with the care recipient (M = 1.81 ± 0.88) is higher than not living with the person being cared for (M = 1.53 ± 0.77). Long-term meeting with the living problem may cause friction and increase the burden of the caregiver. Through this study, the above-mentioned factors can be achieved to find the above-mentioned factors, so as to relieve the pressure of caregivers and improve their quality of life.
2020
中文
75
致 謝 I
摘 要 II
Abstract IV
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 X
第一章 緒 論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 名詞釋義 3
1.3.1 澳門長者(Macau Elderly) 3
1.3.2 長者家庭照顧者(Family caregivers of the elderly) 3
1.4.3 照顧負擔(Caregiver Burden) 4
1.4.4 生活質素(Quality Of Life) 4
第二章 文獻綜述 5
2.1 照顧負擔 5
2.1.1照顧者的壓力的涵意 5
2.1.2照顧者壓力的影響因素 6
2.2 生活質素 8
2.2.1生活質素意涵 8
2.2.1生活質素相關研究 10
2.3 照顧負擔與生活質素之關係 11
2.4 研究架構與假設 13
2.4.1研究架構 13
2.4.2研究假設 14
第三章 研究方法 16
3.1 研究對象與取樣方法 16
3.1.1研究對象 16
3.1.2研究取樣 16
3.2 研究工具 17
3.2.1 Zarit 照顧者負擔量表22題 18
3.2.2 台灣簡明版世界衛生組織生活品質問卷 18
3.3 分析方法 19
第四章 研究結果 20
4.1研究對象基本屬性描述 20
4.1.1 性別 22
4.1.2 年齡 22
4.1.3婚姻狀況 22
4.1.4教育程度 23
4.1.5家庭成員數目 23
4.1.6子女數目 23
4.1.7就業情況 23
4.1.8每月家庭工作總收入 23
4.1.9是否與被照顧者同住 24
4.1.10照顧年期 24
4.1.11平均每日照顧時數 24
4.1.12是否家中唯一照顧者 24
4.1.13與被照顧者關係 24
4.1.14被照顧者性別 25
4.1.15與被照顧者年齡 25
4.1.16有否聘請家傭去照顧被照顧者 25
4.2澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔與生活質素之程度 25
4.2.1 澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔之程度 25
4.2.2 澳門長者家庭照顧者的生活質素各維度之程度 28
4.2.3、澳門長者家庭照顧者的生活質素各維度的平均值及標準差 30
4.3人口學變量與照顧負擔及生活質素之差異分析 30
4.3.1表5性別變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 31
4.3.2表6年齡變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 32
4.2.3表7婚姻狀況變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 33
4.2.4表8教育程度變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 34
4.2.5表9家庭成員數目變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 35
4.2.6表10子女數目變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 36
4.2.7表11就業狀況變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 37
4.2.8表12-1家庭工作月收入變量與照顧負擔及生活質素總分的差異分析 38
4.2.8表12-2家庭工作月收入變量與生活質素各維度的差異分析 39
4.2.9表13與被照顧者同住變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 41
4.2.10表14照顧年期變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 42
4.2.11表15照顧時數變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 43
4.2.12表16唯一照顧者變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 44
4.2.14表18被照顧者性別變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 46
4.2.15表19被照顧者年齡變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 47
4.2.16 表20聘請家傭變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 48
4.4澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔及生活質素的相關分析 49
4.4.1表21長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的相關分析 49
4.4研究假設分析結果 50
第五章 討論 52
5.1澳門長者家庭照顧者的人口統計學變量對照顧負擔及生活質素的差異 52
5.1澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔 52
5.2澳門長者家庭照顧者的生活質素 55
5.3澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔與生活質素相關 57
第六章 結論及建議 58
第七章 研究局限 60
7.1研究樣本 60
7.2研究方法 60
7.3研究展望 60
參考文獻 62
作者簡歷 69
摘 要 II
Abstract IV
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 X
第一章 緒 論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 名詞釋義 3
1.3.1 澳門長者(Macau Elderly) 3
1.3.2 長者家庭照顧者(Family caregivers of the elderly) 3
1.4.3 照顧負擔(Caregiver Burden) 4
1.4.4 生活質素(Quality Of Life) 4
第二章 文獻綜述 5
2.1 照顧負擔 5
2.1.1照顧者的壓力的涵意 5
2.1.2照顧者壓力的影響因素 6
2.2 生活質素 8
2.2.1生活質素意涵 8
2.2.1生活質素相關研究 10
2.3 照顧負擔與生活質素之關係 11
2.4 研究架構與假設 13
2.4.1研究架構 13
2.4.2研究假設 14
第三章 研究方法 16
3.1 研究對象與取樣方法 16
3.1.1研究對象 16
3.1.2研究取樣 16
3.2 研究工具 17
3.2.1 Zarit 照顧者負擔量表22題 18
3.2.2 台灣簡明版世界衛生組織生活品質問卷 18
3.3 分析方法 19
第四章 研究結果 20
4.1研究對象基本屬性描述 20
4.1.1 性別 22
4.1.2 年齡 22
4.1.3婚姻狀況 22
4.1.4教育程度 23
4.1.5家庭成員數目 23
4.1.6子女數目 23
4.1.7就業情況 23
4.1.8每月家庭工作總收入 23
4.1.9是否與被照顧者同住 24
4.1.10照顧年期 24
4.1.11平均每日照顧時數 24
4.1.12是否家中唯一照顧者 24
4.1.13與被照顧者關係 24
4.1.14被照顧者性別 25
4.1.15與被照顧者年齡 25
4.1.16有否聘請家傭去照顧被照顧者 25
4.2澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔與生活質素之程度 25
4.2.1 澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔之程度 25
4.2.2 澳門長者家庭照顧者的生活質素各維度之程度 28
4.2.3、澳門長者家庭照顧者的生活質素各維度的平均值及標準差 30
4.3人口學變量與照顧負擔及生活質素之差異分析 30
4.3.1表5性別變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 31
4.3.2表6年齡變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 32
4.2.3表7婚姻狀況變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 33
4.2.4表8教育程度變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 34
4.2.5表9家庭成員數目變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 35
4.2.6表10子女數目變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 36
4.2.7表11就業狀況變量與照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的差異分析 37
4.2.8表12-1家庭工作月收入變量與照顧負擔及生活質素總分的差異分析 38
4.2.8表12-2家庭工作月收入變量與生活質素各維度的差異分析 39
4.2.9表13與被照顧者同住變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 41
4.2.10表14照顧年期變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 42
4.2.11表15照顧時數變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 43
4.2.12表16唯一照顧者變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 44
4.2.14表18被照顧者性別變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 46
4.2.15表19被照顧者年齡變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 47
4.2.16 表20聘請家傭變量與照顧負擔、生活質素總分及生活質素各維度的差異分析 48
4.4澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔及生活質素的相關分析 49
4.4.1表21長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔及生活質素各維度的相關分析 49
4.4研究假設分析結果 50
第五章 討論 52
5.1澳門長者家庭照顧者的人口統計學變量對照顧負擔及生活質素的差異 52
5.1澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔 52
5.2澳門長者家庭照顧者的生活質素 55
5.3澳門長者家庭照顧者的照顧負擔與生活質素相關 57
第六章 結論及建議 58
第七章 研究局限 60
7.1研究樣本 60
7.2研究方法 60
7.3研究展望 60
參考文獻 62
作者簡歷 69
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8 樓瑋群、桂世勛(2011)。上海高齡體弱老人家庭親屬照顧者的生活滿意度:照顧資源的作用人口與發展。
9 香港大學秀圃老年研究中心(2018)。年長護老者身心狀況及服務需要研究。香港：香港社會服務聯會。
10 澳門華僑報電子版：社工局稱有關政策基礎及時機尚未成熟(2019.05.30）http://www.vakiodaily.com/news/view/id/324687
11 張席熒、李世代、陳保中、謝清麟(2006)。長期照護機構住民之工具性日常生活活動需求評估。台灣老誌2：116-29。
12 姚開屏（2000）：台灣版世界衛生組織生活質素問卷之發展簡介。中華公共衛生雜誌，19(4)，315-324。
13 澳門統計暨普查局：(2013)。澳門女性面面觀。澳門特別行政區統計暨普查局。第18-21頁。
14 香港社區組織協會(2017)。以老護老：基層年長護老者服務需要問卷調查報告。
15 馬麗莊、尹寶珊：《成年子女與父母的關顧和互動》，載於趙永佳、丁國輝、尹寶珊編：《家在香港》期報告，香港：香港中文大學香港亞太研究所，2014。
16 黨俊武、李晶、張秋霞、羅曉輝：《2019版老齡藍皮書：中國老年人生活質量發展報告(2019)》，中國：社會科學文獻出版社，2019。
17 呂以榮、張誼方、曾秀雲、江亮演、鄭淑子(2018)。《老人與家庭高齡與超高齡社會議題》，台灣：雙葉書廊有限公司。
18 楊慎絢、黃芬芬、莊美幸、李志清（2006）。老人健康相關生 活品質評估。北市醫學雜誌，3卷7期，47-55頁。
19 中華民國家庭照顧者關懷總會(2010)。長期照護保險給付制度-家庭照顧者一般性教育訓練課程計劃。衛生署委託計劃期末報告。取自https://goo.gl/5z5Vcq
20 中華民國家庭照顧者關懷總會(2010)。長期照護保險給付制度-家庭照顧者一般性教育訓練課程計劃。衛生署委託計劃期末報告。取自https://goo.gl/5z5Vcq
21 蔡英美、王俊明(2011)。銀髮族身體活動量、生活品質及身體自我概念之研究。Journal of Nan Kai, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.19-28(2011)。http://163.22.228.106:8080/ir/handle/987654321/1073
22 林嘉儀、張美芬、梁淑敏(2015)。澳門更年期婦女健康促進生活方式與生活品質的相關性研究. Macau Journal of Nursing. 2015, Vol. 14 Issue 2, p1-7. 7p.
23 Belasco, A. G., & Sesso, R. (2002). Burden and quality of life of caregivers for hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 39(4), 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.32001
24 Bergland A, Narum I: Quality of life demands comprehension and further exploration. J Aging Health 2007; 19: 39-61
25 Caregiver Burden and the Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. (2017). International Review of Neurobiology, 133, 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.035
26 Casado, B., & Sacco, P. (2012). Correlates of Caregiver Burden Among Family Caregivers of Older Korean Americans. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 67B (3), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr115
27 Chang, H.-Y., Chiou, C.-J., & Chen, N.-S. (2010). Impact of mental health and caregiver burden on family caregivers’ physical health. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50(3), 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.04.006
28 Chong, A. M. L., Kwan, C. W., Chi, I., Lou, V. W. Q., & Leung, A. Y. M. (2014). Domestic Helpers as Moderators of Spousal Caregiver Diburden. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 69(6), 966–972. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu034
29 Clipp, E. C., & Georage, L. K. (1990). Caregiver needs and patterns of social.
30 Fan, C. C., & Chen, Y.-Y. (2011). Factors Associated with Care Burden and Quality of Life Among Caregivers of the Mentally Ill in Chinese Society. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(2), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764009348440
31 George, L. K., & Gwyther, L. P. (1986). Caregiver Weil-Being: A Multidimensional Examination of Family Caregivers of Demented Adults. The Gerontologist, 26(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/26.3.253
32 Ho, S. C., Chan, A., Woo, J., Chong, P., & Sham, A. (2009). Impact of Caregiving on Health and Quality of Life: A Comparative Population-Based Study of Caregivers for Elderly Persons and Noncaregivers. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 64A (8), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glp034
33 Hérbert, R., Bravo, G., & Préville, M. (2000). Reliability, validity, and reference values of the Zarit Burden Interview for assessing informal caregivers of community-dwelling older persons with dementia. Canadian Journal on Aging, 19, 494-507.
34 Iecovich, E. (2008). Caregiving Burden, Community Services, and Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Frail Elderly Persons. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 27(3), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464808315289
35 Jacob, L., Oh, H., Shin, J. I., Haro, J. M., Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Jackson, S. E., Smith, L., & Koyanagi, A. (2020). Informal Caregiving, Chronic Physical Conditions, and Physical Multimorbidity in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa017
36 Jon P. Hiseman, Robin Fackrell, Chapter Fourteen - Caregiver Burden and the Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. (2017). International Review of Neurobiology, 133, 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.035
37 Joo, K.-B., & Kim, K.-B. (2008). A Study of Care Burden, Burnout, and Quality of Life among Family Caregivers for the Elderly. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 14(4), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2008.14.4.278
38 Kahana, E., Biegel, D. E., & Wykle, M. (1994). Family Caregiving Across the Lifespan. SAGE.
39 Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New Your: Springer.
40 LANE, R. E. (1994). Quality of Life and Quality of Persons: A New Role for Government? Political Theory, 22(2), 219–252.
41 Longacre, M. L., Valdmanis, V. G., Handorf, E. A., & Fang, C. Y. (2017). Work Impact and Emotional Burden Among Informal Caregivers for Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(3), 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw027
42 Lim, H. A., Tan, J. Y., Chua, J., Yoong, R. K., Lim, S. E., Kua, E. H., & Mahendran, R. (2017). Quality of life of family caregivers of cancer patients in Singapore and globally. Singapore Medical Journal, 58(5), 258–261. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2016083
43 Mark Novak, Carol Guest, Application of a Multidimensional Caregiver Burden Inventory, The Gerontologist, Volume 29, Issue 6, December 1989, Pages 798–803, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.6.798
44 Mahoney & Barthel, (1965). Barthel Index Version 1.0 (BI) Scaling and Scoring Version 3.2: May 2017
45 Nadine F. Marks ,James David Lambert & Heejeong Choi.(2004).Transitions to Caregiving, Gender, and Psychological Well‐Being: A Prospective U.S. National Study. Journal of Marriage and Family, Volume 64, Issue 3.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00657.x
46 Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S.J., & Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their mesures. Gerontologist, 30(5), 583-594.
47 Poulin, M. J., Brown, S. L., Ubel, P. A., Smith, D. M., Jankovic, A., & Langa, K. M. (2010). Does a helping hand mean a heavy heart? Helping behavior and well-being among spouse caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 108–117. doi:10.1037/a0018064
48 Schulz, R., Eden, J., Adults, C. on F. C. for O., Services, B. on H. C., Division, H. and M., & National Academies of Sciences, E. (2016). Families Caring for an Aging America. https://doi.org/10.17226/23606
49 Sugiura, K., Ito, M., Kutsumi, M., & Mikami, H. (2009a). Gender Differences in Spousal Caregiving in Japan. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 64B(1), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbn005
50 Swinkels, J., Tilburg, T. van, Verbakel, E., & Broese van Groenou, M. (2019). Explaining the Gender Gap in the Caregiving Burden of Partner Caregivers. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(2), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx036
51 Steven H Zarit, PhD et al. (1980). Zarit Burden Interview Version 1.0 (ZBI) Scaling and Scoring Version 6.0 July 2018
52 Yang, X., Hao, Y., George, S. M., & Wang, L. (2012). Factors associated with health-related quality of life among Chinese caregivers of the older adults living in the community: A cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-143
53 Wicks, M. N., Milstead, E. J., Hathaway, D. K., Cetingok, M., Hickey, J. V., & Currier, H. (1997). Subjective burden and quality of life in family caregivers of patients with end stage renal disease. ANNA Journal, 24(5), 527–539.
54 Wolff, J. L., & Kasper, J. D. (2006). Caregivers of frail elders: Updating a national profile. The Gerontologist, 46(3), 344–356. doi:10.1093/geront/46.3.344
55 Zarit, S. H. (2002). Caregiver’s burden. In S. Andrieu and J. P. Aquino. Family and professional-carers: findings lead to action. Paris: Serdi Serdi Edition and Fondation Mederic Alzheimer.
2 梁氏顧問有限公司(2004)。澳門特別行政區長期照顧供給體系。澳門：澳門特別行政區政府印務局。
3 澳門鏡湖護理學院(2004)。澳門長者長期照顧服務需求評估研究。澳門：澳門特別行政區政府印務局。
4 香港老年學會(2008)。澳門特別行政區長期照顧服務使用者健康狀況研究。澳門：澳門特別行政區政府印務局。
5 楊桂芬等人(2012)。社區老人日常生活活動、生活質素與幸福感之相關研究。台灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌；7(4)：217-232。
6 李月萍、黃惠子(2014)。老年生活質素概念與測量應用.台灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌。9(3)，57-67。
7 樓瑋群(2017)。家庭照顧對照顧者的經濟狀況影響：調查職場照顧者友善措施及家庭傭工的調節作用。香港：政策創新與統籌辦事處。
8 樓瑋群、桂世勛(2011)。上海高齡體弱老人家庭親屬照顧者的生活滿意度:照顧資源的作用人口與發展。
9 香港大學秀圃老年研究中心(2018)。年長護老者身心狀況及服務需要研究。香港：香港社會服務聯會。
10 澳門華僑報電子版：社工局稱有關政策基礎及時機尚未成熟(2019.05.30）http://www.vakiodaily.com/news/view/id/324687
11 張席熒、李世代、陳保中、謝清麟(2006)。長期照護機構住民之工具性日常生活活動需求評估。台灣老誌2：116-29。
12 姚開屏（2000）：台灣版世界衛生組織生活質素問卷之發展簡介。中華公共衛生雜誌，19(4)，315-324。
13 澳門統計暨普查局：(2013)。澳門女性面面觀。澳門特別行政區統計暨普查局。第18-21頁。
14 香港社區組織協會(2017)。以老護老：基層年長護老者服務需要問卷調查報告。
15 馬麗莊、尹寶珊：《成年子女與父母的關顧和互動》，載於趙永佳、丁國輝、尹寶珊編：《家在香港》期報告，香港：香港中文大學香港亞太研究所，2014。
16 黨俊武、李晶、張秋霞、羅曉輝：《2019版老齡藍皮書：中國老年人生活質量發展報告(2019)》，中國：社會科學文獻出版社，2019。
17 呂以榮、張誼方、曾秀雲、江亮演、鄭淑子(2018)。《老人與家庭高齡與超高齡社會議題》，台灣：雙葉書廊有限公司。
18 楊慎絢、黃芬芬、莊美幸、李志清（2006）。老人健康相關生 活品質評估。北市醫學雜誌，3卷7期，47-55頁。
19 中華民國家庭照顧者關懷總會(2010)。長期照護保險給付制度-家庭照顧者一般性教育訓練課程計劃。衛生署委託計劃期末報告。取自https://goo.gl/5z5Vcq
20 中華民國家庭照顧者關懷總會(2010)。長期照護保險給付制度-家庭照顧者一般性教育訓練課程計劃。衛生署委託計劃期末報告。取自https://goo.gl/5z5Vcq
21 蔡英美、王俊明(2011)。銀髮族身體活動量、生活品質及身體自我概念之研究。Journal of Nan Kai, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.19-28(2011)。http://163.22.228.106:8080/ir/handle/987654321/1073
22 林嘉儀、張美芬、梁淑敏(2015)。澳門更年期婦女健康促進生活方式與生活品質的相關性研究. Macau Journal of Nursing. 2015, Vol. 14 Issue 2, p1-7. 7p.
23 Belasco, A. G., & Sesso, R. (2002). Burden and quality of life of caregivers for hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 39(4), 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.32001
24 Bergland A, Narum I: Quality of life demands comprehension and further exploration. J Aging Health 2007; 19: 39-61
25 Caregiver Burden and the Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. (2017). International Review of Neurobiology, 133, 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.035
26 Casado, B., & Sacco, P. (2012). Correlates of Caregiver Burden Among Family Caregivers of Older Korean Americans. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 67B (3), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr115
27 Chang, H.-Y., Chiou, C.-J., & Chen, N.-S. (2010). Impact of mental health and caregiver burden on family caregivers’ physical health. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50(3), 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.04.006
28 Chong, A. M. L., Kwan, C. W., Chi, I., Lou, V. W. Q., & Leung, A. Y. M. (2014). Domestic Helpers as Moderators of Spousal Caregiver Diburden. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 69(6), 966–972. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu034
29 Clipp, E. C., & Georage, L. K. (1990). Caregiver needs and patterns of social.
30 Fan, C. C., & Chen, Y.-Y. (2011). Factors Associated with Care Burden and Quality of Life Among Caregivers of the Mentally Ill in Chinese Society. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(2), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764009348440
31 George, L. K., & Gwyther, L. P. (1986). Caregiver Weil-Being: A Multidimensional Examination of Family Caregivers of Demented Adults. The Gerontologist, 26(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/26.3.253
32 Ho, S. C., Chan, A., Woo, J., Chong, P., & Sham, A. (2009). Impact of Caregiving on Health and Quality of Life: A Comparative Population-Based Study of Caregivers for Elderly Persons and Noncaregivers. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 64A (8), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glp034
33 Hérbert, R., Bravo, G., & Préville, M. (2000). Reliability, validity, and reference values of the Zarit Burden Interview for assessing informal caregivers of community-dwelling older persons with dementia. Canadian Journal on Aging, 19, 494-507.
34 Iecovich, E. (2008). Caregiving Burden, Community Services, and Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Frail Elderly Persons. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 27(3), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464808315289
35 Jacob, L., Oh, H., Shin, J. I., Haro, J. M., Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Jackson, S. E., Smith, L., & Koyanagi, A. (2020). Informal Caregiving, Chronic Physical Conditions, and Physical Multimorbidity in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa017
36 Jon P. Hiseman, Robin Fackrell, Chapter Fourteen - Caregiver Burden and the Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. (2017). International Review of Neurobiology, 133, 479–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.035
37 Joo, K.-B., & Kim, K.-B. (2008). A Study of Care Burden, Burnout, and Quality of Life among Family Caregivers for the Elderly. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 14(4), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2008.14.4.278
38 Kahana, E., Biegel, D. E., & Wykle, M. (1994). Family Caregiving Across the Lifespan. SAGE.
39 Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New Your: Springer.
40 LANE, R. E. (1994). Quality of Life and Quality of Persons: A New Role for Government? Political Theory, 22(2), 219–252.
41 Longacre, M. L., Valdmanis, V. G., Handorf, E. A., & Fang, C. Y. (2017). Work Impact and Emotional Burden Among Informal Caregivers for Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(3), 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw027
42 Lim, H. A., Tan, J. Y., Chua, J., Yoong, R. K., Lim, S. E., Kua, E. H., & Mahendran, R. (2017). Quality of life of family caregivers of cancer patients in Singapore and globally. Singapore Medical Journal, 58(5), 258–261. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2016083
43 Mark Novak, Carol Guest, Application of a Multidimensional Caregiver Burden Inventory, The Gerontologist, Volume 29, Issue 6, December 1989, Pages 798–803, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.6.798
44 Mahoney & Barthel, (1965). Barthel Index Version 1.0 (BI) Scaling and Scoring Version 3.2: May 2017
45 Nadine F. Marks ,James David Lambert & Heejeong Choi.(2004).Transitions to Caregiving, Gender, and Psychological Well‐Being: A Prospective U.S. National Study. Journal of Marriage and Family, Volume 64, Issue 3.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00657.x
46 Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S.J., & Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their mesures. Gerontologist, 30(5), 583-594.
47 Poulin, M. J., Brown, S. L., Ubel, P. A., Smith, D. M., Jankovic, A., & Langa, K. M. (2010). Does a helping hand mean a heavy heart? Helping behavior and well-being among spouse caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 108–117. doi:10.1037/a0018064
48 Schulz, R., Eden, J., Adults, C. on F. C. for O., Services, B. on H. C., Division, H. and M., & National Academies of Sciences, E. (2016). Families Caring for an Aging America. https://doi.org/10.17226/23606
49 Sugiura, K., Ito, M., Kutsumi, M., & Mikami, H. (2009a). Gender Differences in Spousal Caregiving in Japan. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 64B(1), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbn005
50 Swinkels, J., Tilburg, T. van, Verbakel, E., & Broese van Groenou, M. (2019). Explaining the Gender Gap in the Caregiving Burden of Partner Caregivers. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(2), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx036
51 Steven H Zarit, PhD et al. (1980). Zarit Burden Interview Version 1.0 (ZBI) Scaling and Scoring Version 6.0 July 2018
52 Yang, X., Hao, Y., George, S. M., & Wang, L. (2012). Factors associated with health-related quality of life among Chinese caregivers of the older adults living in the community: A cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-143
53 Wicks, M. N., Milstead, E. J., Hathaway, D. K., Cetingok, M., Hickey, J. V., & Currier, H. (1997). Subjective burden and quality of life in family caregivers of patients with end stage renal disease. ANNA Journal, 24(5), 527–539.
54 Wolff, J. L., & Kasper, J. D. (2006). Caregivers of frail elders: Updating a national profile. The Gerontologist, 46(3), 344–356. doi:10.1093/geront/46.3.344
55 Zarit, S. H. (2002). Caregiver’s burden. In S. Andrieu and J. P. Aquino. Family and professional-carers: findings lead to action. Paris: Serdi Serdi Edition and Fondation Mederic Alzheimer.
