李翌超

Bernardino da Silva Leandro Francisco Jose

葡語國家研究院

葡語國家研究博士學位課程(中文學制)

博士

2020

Threefold Contributions Delivered by the Belt and Road Initiative : The Case of Portuguese-speaking Countries

Threefold Contributions Delivered by the Belt and Road Initiative : The Case of Portuguese-speaking Countries

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Belt and Road Initiative ; Chinese Partnerships ; Commercial Jurisdiction Clauses ; Constructivism ; International Commercial Arbitration ; Non-adjudicatory Dispute Settlement Mechanisms ; Portuguese-speaking Countries ; Special Economic Zones

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Since its inception in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative has pushed ahead with the principles of extensive consultation, joint efforts, and shared mutual benefits. Meanwhile, relations between China and Portuguese-speaking countries have been growing and has gradually come into the spotlight. In fact, since China first established partnership with Brazil in 1993, the network of Chinese partnerships has been expanding, deepening, and strengthening. This political framework is flexible, thereby greatly facilitating and broadening not only bilateral but also multilateral cooperations, in which economic and trade cooperations form an important dimension, particularly involving the construction of special economic zones (SEZs). SEZs can be seen as a substantial instrument for attracting investments, promoting the flow of knowledge, technology, and human capital, and advancing national economic growth, of which China has a wealth of experience to share. However, SEZs development in Portuguese-speaking countries, especially within Africa has been uneven. Additionally, in the process of development and exchange, disputes are unavoidable, further accentuating the importance of international dispute resolution, particularly international commercial arbitration, between China and Portuguese- speaking countries. These topics are consolidated by this thesis into the following main research question: To what extent do partnerships contribute to and reinforce the Belt and Road Initiative, within the context of relations between China and Portuguese-speaking countries? To answer the question, an inductive reasoning based on mixed methodology (dominated qualitative) and framed by a constructivist and comparative perspective is used. Over six chapters, taking Portuguese-speaking countries as a case study, this thesis envisages the contributions of the Belt and Road Initiative as threefold, reflected respectively in the three aspects of politics, the economy, and law.

2021

英文

296

Acknowledgements i
Abstract ii
List of Abbreviations vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Literature Review 7
1.2.1 Chinese Partnerships 7
1.2.2 Special Economic Zones 10
1.2.3 International Dispute Settlements 16
1.3 Purpose and Originality of Research 20
1.4 Research Questions and Research Methodology 22
1.5 Structure of the Thesis 22
Chapter 2 Modelling the Theoretical Framework: Why Constructivism Works? 24
2.1 International Relations Theory 24
2.2 Different Perspectives of Constructivism in International Relations Theory 26
2.3 Alexander Wendt and Nicholas Onuf ’s Views on Constructivism 28
2.3.1 Alexander Wendt’s Constructivism in Chinese Partnerships 28
2.3.2 Nicholas Onuf’s Constructivism in International Law 31
2.4 Summary of Chapter 37
Chapter 3 The Chinese Partnerships and the Belt and Road Initiative: How Do They Reinforce One Another? 39
3.1 Building and Developing the Chinese Partnerships 39
3.1.1 Definition: How to Understand the Chinese Partnerships? 40
3.1.2 Situation: What is the Development of the Chinese Partnerships? 49
3.2 Implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative 55
3.3 How Do the Chinese Partnerships and the Belt and Road Initiative Reinforce One Another? 58
3.3.1 Corresponding Changes between the Chinese Partnerships and the Belt and Road Initiative 58
3.3.2 The Case of Portuguese-speaking Countries 60
3.3.3 The Chinese Partnerships and the Belt and Road Initiative: A Synergetic Affiliation 71
3.4 Summary of Chapter 75
Chapter 4 Economic and Trade Cooperation: Transformative Special Economic Zones as A Substantial Instrument 77
4.1 Understandings of Special Economic Zones 77
4.1.1 Broad Concept of Special Economic Zones 77
4.1.2 Categories of Special Economic Zones in China 79
4.2 Evolution of Special Economic Zones in China 83
4.2.1 Growth of Special Economic Zones in China 83
4.2.2 Discourse Analysis: Tracking Special Economic Zones in 11th - 14th Five Year Plan 94
4.3 Evaluation of Special Economic Zones - The Case of the African Portuguese-speaking Countries 98
4.3.1 Overall Performance of the African Portuguese-speaking Countries 99
4.3.2 Experience of Special Economic Zones in the African Portuguese-speaking Countries 102
4.3.2.1 Limited Experience and Unfavourable Conditions - Guinea-Bissau 103
4.3.2.2 Single Experience with Limited Success - Angola and Equatorial Guinea 105
4.3.2.3 Emerging Experience with Good Potential - Cabo Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe 107
4.3.2.4 Multiple Experience but Uneven Success - Mozambique 111
4.4 Role of Transformative Special Economic Zones in the Construction of the Belt and Road Initiative 118
4.4.1 Perspective from China’s Special Economic Zones - Along the Geographical Space 118
4.4.2 Perspective from the African Portuguese-speaking Countries - Challenges and Lessons Learnt 121
4.5 Summary of Chapter 122
Chapter 5 Dispute Settlements between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries: Where to Address Problems? 123
5.1 Different Methods in International Dispute Settlements 125
5.1.1 A Briefly Review on Dispute Settlement Methods 126
5.1.2 What is Alternative Dispute Resolution? 128
5.2 Different Types of Disputes in International Arbitration 130
5.2.1 Interstate Arbitration (State-to-state) 131
5.2.1.1 The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) 131
5.2.1.2 The World Trade Organization (WTO) 135
5.2.1.3 Summary of Interstate Arbitration in Portuguese-speaking Countries and China 139
5.2.2 International Investment Arbitration (Investor-to-state) 140
5.2.2.1 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) 142
5.2.2.2 Summary of International Investment Arbitration in Portuguese-speaking Countries and China 147
5.2.3 International Commercial Arbitration (Investor-to-investor) 149
5.2.3.1 Legal Regime in International Commercial Arbitration 150
5.2.3.2 Differences between International Commercial Arbitration and International Investment Arbitration 152
5.3 International Commercial Arbitration between China and African Portuguese-speaking Countries: Who is the Interest-based Solution? 154
5.3.1 Standards Acceptability in Non-adjudicatory and Arbitration Solutions in International Commercial Disputes 156
5.3.2 The Early Bird Gets the Worm: Comparisons between Five Institutions 161
5.3.2.1 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 165
5.3.2.2 China International Commercial Court (CICC) 170
5.3.2.3 Macau (China) Arbitration Center (MAC) 175
5.3.2.4 China-Africa Joint Arbitration Center - Shanghai (CAJAC-Shanghai) 178
5.3.2.5 Commercial Arbitration Centre of the Portuguese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CAC-PCCI) 181
5.3.3 Summary of Comparisons between Five Institutions 184
5.4 Summary of Chapter 187
Chapter 6 Conclusion 189
6.1 Main Findings 189
6.2 Limitations and Future Research 193
6.3 Concluding Remarks 194
Bibliography 195
Curriculum Vitae 217
Appendix I Discourse of China Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (11th – 14th) 220
Appendix II Details of the 5 Criteria and the 22 Indicators 222

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