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孔雪英
王敏
教育學院
教育學博士學位課程(中文學制)
博士
2021
中國內地貧困生消極社會認同的形成與應對 : 一項紮根理論的研究
The Formation and Response of Disadvantaged students’Negative Social Identity In Chinese Mainland——A Grounded Theory based Research
貧困大學生 ; 消極社會認同 ; 紮根理論
Disadvantaged Students ; Social Identity Theory ; Grounded Theory
公開日期:不開放
在中國內地高校的貧困生國家資助體系裏,“貧困生”的身份與獲得國家助學金等國家資助結合在一起。一個大學生只有獲得學校管理方對其“貧困生”身份的認定,才可能被納入貧困學生的資助體系。就個體而言,其進入大學後,迫於經濟壓力申請貧困生資助,被認定為“貧困生”,從而被貼上“貧困生”的身份標籤。在這個標籤後,個體往往會產生一種矛盾的心理:一方面排斥貧困生的身份以及貧困生身份帶來的消極心理體驗;另一方面又因為需要獲取經濟資助而不得不接受貧困生的身份。經過初步訪談,發現大多數貧困生關心的問題是:在被貼上“貧困生”標籤後,個體會經歷一個怎樣的心理歷程?個體是如何應對其中的消極情感?經過深入訪談之後,本文最終的研究問題是貧困生消極社會認同的形成過程以及如何應對消極社會認同。
基於建構主義紮根理論的研究路徑,本研究最終形成“貧困生消極社會認同”的理論。這理論可以簡要概括如下:社会分类、社会比较和负面评价使得贫困生产生了消极社会认同,為了应对消極社會認同,他們採取各種身份管理策略,具體的策略受到主觀信念結構和社會身份威脅程度的影響。貧困生會主動採取相應的身份管理策略來應對消極社會認同,這些策略包括個體流動和社會創造兩大類型。貧困生具體的應對策略會受到主觀信念結構和社會身份威脅程度這兩個中介因素的影響。
在上述研究的基礎上,發現了對現有社會認同理論可能的三个推進之處:其一是質疑了社會認同理論創始人泰弗爾的“最小群體範式”實驗結果的可推廣性,即簡單分類就足以產生群體間的歧視和內群偏愛的結論並不適用於貧困生这类低地位群體。其二是發現了社會比較的被動性。社會認同理論中的社會比較是一種個體主動進行的社會比較,比較之目的在於驗證群體的積極特徵。貧困生的社會比較與上述理論存在一定差異,其社會比較更多是一種非自願的、被動的比較。這個發現對於研究低地位群體的社會比較具有意義。其三是發現貧困生會採取“在公平緯度進行比較”和“公開衝突行為”策略,社會認同理論基本上沒有研究過這兩種策略。本研究還發現對於貧困生这类具有一定隱蔽性(即可向他人隱瞞)的身份而言,隱瞞身份是一種重要的身份管理策略,這也提示了社會認同的研究應區分顯性身份和隱性身份。
最后,提出了对中國內地的教育管理部門和高校的貧困生管理工作的建议:其一,在相關工作中,不再使用“貧困生”或“家庭经济困难学生”一詞,而是使用更加中性的詞語,例如“受資助學生”或“獎學金獲得者”進行替代。其二,儘量降低貧困生資格認定中同學評議環節、公示帶給申請人的傷害。其三,在貧困生管理工作中,應該儘量減少“貧困生”身份凸顯的情景。其四,提高對貧困生的資助水準,特別是對民辦高校貧困生的資助水準。
In government-funded system for disadvantaged students in Chinese mainland, the identity of "disadvantaged student" is combined with the government funding such as the national grants. In fact, A college student can only be included in the financial aid system for disadvantaged students only if he is identified by the school management as a "poor student". As far as individuals are concerned, after entering the university, they applied for subsidies for disadvantaged students due to economic pressure, and were identified as "disadvantaged student" and thus were labeled as "disadvantaged student". After being labelled as disadvantaged student, a contradictory psychology arises: on the one hand, they reject the label of disadvantaged students and hate the negative mental experience brought about by it; on the other hand, they have to accept poverty because of the need to obtain financial aid. So, what kind of psychological journey will they experience after being labeled as "disadvantaged student"? How do they deal with the negative emotional experience? This is an open question at the beginning of the study. After taking the research of the Ground Theory, the final research question of this thesis is the formation process of the negative social identity of disadvantaged students and how to deal with this negative social identity.
Based on the research path of the Ground Theory of constructivism, the researchers finally form the theory of "social identity of disadvantaged students". This theoretical framework can be briefly summarized as follows: disadvantaged students go through three processes of social classification, social comparison and negative evaluation, and finally come into being negative social identity. Logically, social classification, social comparison, and negative evaluation are the causes, while negative social identity is the result. For the purpose of improving self-esteem, disadvantaged students will take the initiative to adopt corresponding identity management strategies to deal with negative social identity. These strategies include two types of individual mobility and social creation. The coping strategies of disadvantaged students will be affected by two intermediary factors, the subjective belief structure and the threat of social identity.
On the basis of the above research, three possible advancements to the existing Social Identity Theory have been discovered: One is to raise questions doubtfully on the generalizability of the experimental results of the "minimal group paradigm" of Social Identity Theory which was established by Tajfel, namely the conclusion that simple classification is sufficient to generate discrimination between groups and in group preference does not apply to low-status groups such as disadvantaged students. The second is to discover the passivity of social comparison. Social comparison in Social Identity Theory is a kind of social comparison carried out by individuals on their own initiative. The purpose of comparison is to verify the positive characteristics of groups. There is a certain difference between the social comparison of disadvantaged students and the above-mentioned theories, and their social comparison is more of an involuntary and passive comparison. This finding is meaningful for studying the social comparison of low-status groups. The third is to find that disadvantaged students will adopt the strategy of concealing their identity and "open conflict behavior", which are basically not studied by the Social Identity Theory. In particular, the strategy of concealing identity is of great significance to disadvantaged students who have a certain degree of concealment (that is, concealment from others). This also suggests that the study of Social Identity should distinguish between explicit and invisible identities.
Finally, it puts forward proposals for management of disadvantaged students in education departments and universities in mainland China : First, the term of "Disadvantaged Students " or "students with financial difficulties" should not be used in a related working area, but more neutral words such as "Sponsored student" are substituted. Second, try to minimize the harm to applicants caused by the appraisal and publicity of the qualifications of Disadvantaged Students. Third, in the management of disadvantaged students, the situation where the status of "Disadvantaged Students" is highlighted should be minimized. Fourth, raise the level of subsidy for those students, especially the level of subsidy for them in private colleges and universities.
2021
中文
205
致 謝 .Ⅲ
摘 要 ...V
Abstract ...Ⅶ
目錄 ...XI
圖目錄 ...XV
表目錄 ...XVI
第一章 緒 論 1
1.1研究背景與動機.. 1
1.2 研究問題和研究目的 3
1.3 研究意義 3
1.3.1 實踐意義 3
1.3.2 理論意義 4
1.4 概念界定 5
第二章 文獻綜述 7
2.1 有關“社會認同”的研究 7
2.1.1 “社會認同”理論的提出 7
2.1.2 “社會認同”的概念 9
2.1.3 “社會認同”理論的主要研究方向 12
2.2 有關“貧困生”的研究 17
2.2.1 關於“貧困生”概念界定的研究 18
2.2.2 關於貧困生的認定及資助研究 19
2.2.3 貧困生的心理健康和個性特徵 20
2.2.4 有關貧困生社會認同的研究 21
第三章 研究設計 24
3.1 研究流程 24
3.1.1 研究方法的選擇 24
3.1.2 研究對象 28
3.1.3 訪談場所 29
3.1.4 倫理審查 29
3.1.5 研究質量的檢測 30
3.1.6 研究準備 31
3.2 實施過程 32
3.2.1 理論性抽樣 33
3.2.2 材料收集 33
3.2.3 資料分析 35
第四章 理論呈現與分析 42
4.1 社會分類 42
4.1.1 群體劃分 43
4.1.2 刻板印象 47
4.1.3 同化 52
4.1.4 獲取社會認同 .53
4.1.5 群體差異增強 55
4.2 社會比較 56
4.2.1 便利的比較條件 57
4.2.2 共同價值體系 .59
4.2.3 社會比較過程 60
4.2.4 生活費用和合群程度 63
4.2.5 群體間分化 65
4.3 負面評價 .67
4.3.1 遭受負面評價. 67
4.3.2 對負面評價的歸因和個體歧視感 73
4.3.3 群體間分化 76
4.4 消極社會認同 78
4.4.1 消極自我認知 .79
4.4.2 低自尊 79
4.4.3 外群偏愛 .81
4.4.4 群體分層 83
4.5 主觀信念結構和社會身份威脅程度. .85
4.5.1 主觀信念結構. 85
4.5.2 社會身份威脅程度 .87
4.6 身份管理策略. 91
4.6.1 個體流動 .92
4.6.2 社會創造 .94
第五章 理論整合 104
5.1 貧困生消極社會認同是如何形成的 .104
5.1.1 社會分類 105
5.1.2 社會比較 113
5.1.3 負面評價 119
5.1.4 消極社會認同 124
5.2 貧困生如何應對消極社會認同 127
5.2.1 主觀信念結構和社會身份威脅程度 127
5.2.2 身份管理策略 130
第六章 結論和建議 136
6.1 研究結論 136
6.2 對既有社會認同理論可能的推進 140
6.3 研究局限 142
6.4 研究建議 143
參考文獻 149
作者簡歷 163
附 錄 164
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