本校學位論文庫
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論文詳情
胡秀勇
羅劍明
國際旅遊與管理學院
國際旅遊管理博士學位課程(英文學制)
博士
2021
The Relationship amongst Generativity, Environmental Attitudes, Behaviour and Commitment of Employees in the Macau Hotel Industry
The Relationship amongst Generativity, Environmental Attitudes, Behaviour and Commitment of Employees in the Macau Hotel Industry
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Generativity, Attitude, Behaviours, Commitment, Environmental, Green Policy, Macau Hotel Industry, Structural Equation Modelling, Confirmatory Factor Analysis
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Abstract
This study aims to explore the relationship amongst the attitudes of employees in the Macau hotel industry towards the green policies of their hotels, their environmental commitment and their environmental behaviour and to understand how generativity affects these employees’ attitudes towards green policies, their environmental commitment and their environmental behaviour. Improving employee’s Environmental Behavior. These employees’ environmental attitudes towards green policy and environmental commitment may be a key factor in improving their environmental behaviour. Those hotels that consistently implement environmentally friendly practices will benefit from saving resources and reducing pollution costs. Launching an efficient environment management programme can also reduce the associated operation costs (Direcção dos Serviços de Protecção Ambiental, DSPA. 2017). This study is the first to explore the structural relationship between the attitudes of employees in the Macau hotel industry towards green policy and environmental commitment and their behaviour.
Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were applied. Firstly, in-depth interviews with hotel managers and staff in Macau were conducted to understand the possible effect on generativity on the environmental attitudes of employees towards green policy and commitment and on their behaviour. Secondly, a pilot test involving 150 valid questionnaires was conducted to assess the reliability of the proposed constructs in the model. Thirdly, a main survey was performed with hotel employees working in four- to five-star hotels in Macau who were recruited via quota sampling. About total of 400 valid questionnaires were collected from 15 hotels in the front (i.e. front office, food and beverage and other departments) and back of the house (i.e. human resources, engineering and others departments) of Macau. The proposed constructs and the structural model were tested using the AMOS package, whereas the validity and reliability of the constructs were confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis.
Structural equation modelling was used to test and explore the relationships amongst the constructs. Findings from the structural model testing indicate that employees’ environmental attitudes towards green policy and environmental commitment are either positively or negatively related to their environmental behaviour. In addition to directly affecting their environmental behaviour, environmental commitment also either positively or negatively affects the relationship between the environmental attitudes of employees towards green policy and their behaviour. Findings of this work offer theoretical contributions to the literature and improve the current understanding about hotel industry employees’ attitudes toward green policy and environmental commitment, their environmental behaviour and generativity.
As one of its theoretical contributions, this study explores generativity from a cultural perspective. This study provides insights and understanding for future researchers to further investigate the environmental behaviour of hotel employees in Macao. The empirical results of this study provide useful suggestions for hotel managers and human resource managers in all aspects of human resource management, including employee selection, training and development, compensation and benefits, evaluation system, employee satisfaction survey, working environment and strategic human resources. The limitations of this study and some suggestions for future research are also proposed.
This study aims to explore the relationship amongst the attitudes of employees in the Macau hotel industry towards the green policies of their hotels, their environmental commitment and their environmental behaviour and to understand how generativity affects these employees’ attitudes towards green policies, their environmental commitment and their environmental behaviour. Improving employee’s Environmental Behavior. These employees’ environmental attitudes towards green policy and environmental commitment may be a key factor in improving their environmental behaviour. Those hotels that consistently implement environmentally friendly practices will benefit from saving resources and reducing pollution costs. Launching an efficient environment management programme can also reduce the associated operation costs (Direcção dos Serviços de Protecção Ambiental, DSPA. 2017). This study is the first to explore the structural relationship between the attitudes of employees in the Macau hotel industry towards green policy and environmental commitment and their behaviour.
Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were applied. Firstly, in-depth interviews with hotel managers and staff in Macau were conducted to understand the possible effect on generativity on the environmental attitudes of employees towards green policy and commitment and on their behaviour. Secondly, a pilot test involving 150 valid questionnaires was conducted to assess the reliability of the proposed constructs in the model. Thirdly, a main survey was performed with hotel employees working in four- to five-star hotels in Macau who were recruited via quota sampling. About total of 400 valid questionnaires were collected from 15 hotels in the front (i.e. front office, food and beverage and other departments) and back of the house (i.e. human resources, engineering and others departments) of Macau. The proposed constructs and the structural model were tested using the AMOS package, whereas the validity and reliability of the constructs were confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis.
Structural equation modelling was used to test and explore the relationships amongst the constructs. Findings from the structural model testing indicate that employees’ environmental attitudes towards green policy and environmental commitment are either positively or negatively related to their environmental behaviour. In addition to directly affecting their environmental behaviour, environmental commitment also either positively or negatively affects the relationship between the environmental attitudes of employees towards green policy and their behaviour. Findings of this work offer theoretical contributions to the literature and improve the current understanding about hotel industry employees’ attitudes toward green policy and environmental commitment, their environmental behaviour and generativity.
As one of its theoretical contributions, this study explores generativity from a cultural perspective. This study provides insights and understanding for future researchers to further investigate the environmental behaviour of hotel employees in Macao. The empirical results of this study provide useful suggestions for hotel managers and human resource managers in all aspects of human resource management, including employee selection, training and development, compensation and benefits, evaluation system, employee satisfaction survey, working environment and strategic human resources. The limitations of this study and some suggestions for future research are also proposed.
2022
英文
210
Acknowledgements I
Abstract II
List of Figures VIII
List of Tables IX
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Background 4
1.2.1 Background of the Macau Tourism Industry 6
1.2.2 Background of the Macau Hotel Industry 8
1.2.3 Tourism and Hotel Industry Data (2014 to 2020) 9
1.2.4 Research Status Analysis 11
1.3 Environmental Policy 12
1.3.1 Importance of Environmental Policy 12
1.3.2 Environmental Policies in the Hotel Industry 13
1.4 Generativity 22
1.4.1 Importance of Generativity 22
1.4.2 Generativity in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry 22
1.5 Research Question 23
1.6 Research Purpose 23
1.7 Research Objective 24
1.8 Technical Roadmap 25
1.9 Value of Research 26
1.9.1 Theoretical Contributions 26
1.9.2 Practical Contributions 27
Chapter 2 Literature Review 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Generativity 29
2.2.1 Definition of Generativity 29
2.2.2 Generativity in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry 32
2.2.3 Measurement of Generativity 33
2.3 Attitudes of Employees towards Environmental Policies 41
2.3.1 Defining Attitudes towards Environmental Policies 41
2.3.2 Environmental Policy in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry 43
2.3.3 Measurement of Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies 46
2.4 Employees’ Environmental Commitment 50
2.4.1 Definition of Environmental Commitment 50
2.4.2 Environmental Commitment in the Hotel Industry 51
2.4.3 Measurement of Employees’ Environmental Commitment 52
2.5 Environmental Behaviours 57
2.5.1 Definition of Environmental Behaviour 57
2.5.2 Environmental Behaviours in the Hotel Industry 59
2.5.3 Measurement of Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 61
2.6 Research Hypotheses 68
2.6.1 Relationship Between Generativity and Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies 69
2.6.2 Relationship Between Generativity and Employees’ Environmental Commitment 69
2.6.3 Relationship Between Generativity and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 70
2.6.4 Relationship Between Employees’ Environmental Attitudes towards Environmental Policy and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 71
2.6.5 Relationship Between Employees’ Environmental Commitment and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 72
2.6.6 Relationship Between Employees’ Environmental Attitudes towards Environmental Policy and Employees’ Environmental Commitment 73
2.7 Summary 74
Chapter 3 Methodology 76
3.1 Introduction 76
3.2 Research Process 76
3.3 Research Hypotheses Development 77
3.4 Research Tools 81
3.4.1 Questionnaire Design and Development 81
3.5 Qualitative Research 87
3.5.1 Method of Qualitative Research 87
3.6 Quantitative Research 100
3.6.1 Pilot Survey 101
3.6.2 Data Collection 108
3.6.3 Survey Population and Sample 109
3.6.4 Exploratory Factor Analysis 110
3.6.5 Data Normal Distribution Test 111
3.6.6 Structural Equation Modelling Analysis 111
3.6.7 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 111
3.6.8 Assessment of the Measurement Model 112
3.6.9 Assessment of the Structural Model 113
Chapter 4 Data Analysis 115
4.1 Descriptive Statistics 115
4.1.1 Data Collection 115
4.1.2 Demographics 116
4.1.3 Structural Equation Modelling 118
4.2 Data Screening 119
4.2.1 Data Normal Distribution Test 119
4.3 Measurement Model 121
4.3.1 Reliability and Convergence Validity for the Construct of Generativity 124
4.3.2 Discriminative Validity Assessment 128
4.4 Structural Model Assessment 130
4.4.1 Collinearity Assessment 131
4.4.2 Path Analysis 133
4.4.3 Coefficient of Determination Assessment 135
4.4.4 Predictive Correlation Assessment 136
4.4.5 Results for Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Predictive Relevance (Q2) 137
4.5 Mediating Effects Analysis 139
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 140
5.1 Results Discussion 140
5.1.1 Relationship between the Generativity and Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies, Commitment and Behaviour 143
5.1.2 Theoretical Relationship amongst Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies, Environmental Behaviour and Environmental Commitment 144
5.1.3 Theoretical Relationship between Employees’ Environmental Commitment and Environmental Behaviour 146
5.1.4 Mediating Relationship amongst Generativity, Employees’ Attitude towards Environmental Policy, Employees’ Environmental Commitment and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 146
5.2 Conclusions 147
5.3 Achieving the Research Purpose 152
5.3 Research Contributions 154
5.3.1 Theoretical Contributions 154
5.3.2 Practical Contributions 155
5.4 Recommendations and Limitations 164
5.4.1 Recommendations to Human Resource Training 164
5.4.2 Recommendations to participate environmental activities from government 165
5.4.3 Recommendations of Practice Implication 165
5.4.4 Recommendations for Further Studies 168
5.4.5 Limitations 169
References 171
Curriculum Vitae 203
Appendices 204
Appendix 1 - Qualitative Research question: 204
Appendix 2 – Questionnaire 205
Abstract II
List of Figures VIII
List of Tables IX
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Background 4
1.2.1 Background of the Macau Tourism Industry 6
1.2.2 Background of the Macau Hotel Industry 8
1.2.3 Tourism and Hotel Industry Data (2014 to 2020) 9
1.2.4 Research Status Analysis 11
1.3 Environmental Policy 12
1.3.1 Importance of Environmental Policy 12
1.3.2 Environmental Policies in the Hotel Industry 13
1.4 Generativity 22
1.4.1 Importance of Generativity 22
1.4.2 Generativity in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry 22
1.5 Research Question 23
1.6 Research Purpose 23
1.7 Research Objective 24
1.8 Technical Roadmap 25
1.9 Value of Research 26
1.9.1 Theoretical Contributions 26
1.9.2 Practical Contributions 27
Chapter 2 Literature Review 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Generativity 29
2.2.1 Definition of Generativity 29
2.2.2 Generativity in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry 32
2.2.3 Measurement of Generativity 33
2.3 Attitudes of Employees towards Environmental Policies 41
2.3.1 Defining Attitudes towards Environmental Policies 41
2.3.2 Environmental Policy in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry 43
2.3.3 Measurement of Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies 46
2.4 Employees’ Environmental Commitment 50
2.4.1 Definition of Environmental Commitment 50
2.4.2 Environmental Commitment in the Hotel Industry 51
2.4.3 Measurement of Employees’ Environmental Commitment 52
2.5 Environmental Behaviours 57
2.5.1 Definition of Environmental Behaviour 57
2.5.2 Environmental Behaviours in the Hotel Industry 59
2.5.3 Measurement of Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 61
2.6 Research Hypotheses 68
2.6.1 Relationship Between Generativity and Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies 69
2.6.2 Relationship Between Generativity and Employees’ Environmental Commitment 69
2.6.3 Relationship Between Generativity and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 70
2.6.4 Relationship Between Employees’ Environmental Attitudes towards Environmental Policy and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 71
2.6.5 Relationship Between Employees’ Environmental Commitment and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 72
2.6.6 Relationship Between Employees’ Environmental Attitudes towards Environmental Policy and Employees’ Environmental Commitment 73
2.7 Summary 74
Chapter 3 Methodology 76
3.1 Introduction 76
3.2 Research Process 76
3.3 Research Hypotheses Development 77
3.4 Research Tools 81
3.4.1 Questionnaire Design and Development 81
3.5 Qualitative Research 87
3.5.1 Method of Qualitative Research 87
3.6 Quantitative Research 100
3.6.1 Pilot Survey 101
3.6.2 Data Collection 108
3.6.3 Survey Population and Sample 109
3.6.4 Exploratory Factor Analysis 110
3.6.5 Data Normal Distribution Test 111
3.6.6 Structural Equation Modelling Analysis 111
3.6.7 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 111
3.6.8 Assessment of the Measurement Model 112
3.6.9 Assessment of the Structural Model 113
Chapter 4 Data Analysis 115
4.1 Descriptive Statistics 115
4.1.1 Data Collection 115
4.1.2 Demographics 116
4.1.3 Structural Equation Modelling 118
4.2 Data Screening 119
4.2.1 Data Normal Distribution Test 119
4.3 Measurement Model 121
4.3.1 Reliability and Convergence Validity for the Construct of Generativity 124
4.3.2 Discriminative Validity Assessment 128
4.4 Structural Model Assessment 130
4.4.1 Collinearity Assessment 131
4.4.2 Path Analysis 133
4.4.3 Coefficient of Determination Assessment 135
4.4.4 Predictive Correlation Assessment 136
4.4.5 Results for Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Predictive Relevance (Q2) 137
4.5 Mediating Effects Analysis 139
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 140
5.1 Results Discussion 140
5.1.1 Relationship between the Generativity and Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies, Commitment and Behaviour 143
5.1.2 Theoretical Relationship amongst Employees’ Attitudes towards Environmental Policies, Environmental Behaviour and Environmental Commitment 144
5.1.3 Theoretical Relationship between Employees’ Environmental Commitment and Environmental Behaviour 146
5.1.4 Mediating Relationship amongst Generativity, Employees’ Attitude towards Environmental Policy, Employees’ Environmental Commitment and Employees’ Environmental Behaviour 146
5.2 Conclusions 147
5.3 Achieving the Research Purpose 152
5.3 Research Contributions 154
5.3.1 Theoretical Contributions 154
5.3.2 Practical Contributions 155
5.4 Recommendations and Limitations 164
5.4.1 Recommendations to Human Resource Training 164
5.4.2 Recommendations to participate environmental activities from government 165
5.4.3 Recommendations of Practice Implication 165
5.4.4 Recommendations for Further Studies 168
5.4.5 Limitations 169
References 171
Curriculum Vitae 203
Appendices 204
Appendix 1 - Qualitative Research question: 204
Appendix 2 – Questionnaire 205
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