莫欣欣

鄭雪

大健康學院

應用心理學博士學位課程

博士

2021

自我客體化對大學生社交中人際負性體驗的影響及干預

The influence and intervention of self-objectification on interpersonal negative experience in college students' social interaction

大學生 ; 自我客體化 ; 人際負性體驗 ; 社交焦慮 ; 線上社交焦慮 ; 社交外表焦慮 ; 團體輔導

college students ; self-objectification ; negative interpersonal experiences ; social anxiety ; online social anxiety ; social appearance anxiety ; group counseling

公開日期：8/6/2025

目前，大學生各類心理問題中，人際關係問題顯得尤為突出，且嚴重影響大學生的身心健康(劉莉, 2018)。當大學生不能很好地處理與面對人際關係問題，勢必會導致一系列社交中的人際負性體驗。本研究通過文獻梳理發現，社交焦慮（線上及線下）、社交外表焦慮等三種社交中的負性體驗在大學生中的發生率之高、導致的後果之嚴重，使我們不得不重視起來。由此，本研究擬把這三種在大學生中發生率較高的人際負性體驗做系統研究，以期為幹預提供實證基礎。
如今也是社交媒體的黃金時代，人們會更加關注“我”的外表看起來怎麼樣？“我”的身體部位各方面都“美”嗎？我怎樣看起來更吸引人？在女性群體中，這種把外在屬性、某個身體部位或性功能當做女性自身唯一的價值等現象，就是性客體化。性客體化則容易導致女性出現自我客體化。隨著研究的逐漸深入，自我客體化現象也從最初的女性群體逐漸擴展到了男性群體。目前已有大量研究表明，自我客體化與社交焦慮、社交外表焦慮等變量有顯著的相關關係(Zheng, Ni, & Luo, 2019; Turel et al., 2018)，但關於其中機制的探索，特別是基於社交媒體視角的探索，還處於起步階段。此外，目前少見有研究系統關注自我客體化對人際負性體驗的影響，對社交外表焦慮和線上社交焦慮等新興變量的作用機制也少有提及。
因此，本研究以社交媒體視角為前提，大學生為研究對象，在前人研究的基礎上進行文獻綜述整理和理論構建，使用量化和幹預研究結合的方式，圍繞“人際負性體驗”中的線上社交焦慮、社交外表焦慮、社交焦慮等變量，使用五個研究系統考察大學生自我客體化對人際負性體驗中的線上社交焦慮、社交外表焦慮、社交焦慮的影響及其機制，並針對此系列研究得出的啟示進行校內團體輔導幹預研究，以期能結合實證研究，對現實中的大學生人際負性體驗進行有效性幹預。五個研究具體內容如下：
第四章（研究1）對Choukas-Bradley et al.(2020)基於美國青少年被試編制的13條目社交媒體外貌感知量表（ASMC）進行漢化，為我國大學生社交媒體外貌感知的測量提供適合群體使用且信效度良好的工具；
第五章（研究2）探討自我客體化對大學生線上社交焦慮的影響，探尋自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、理想美內化三個變量對大學生線上社交焦慮的影響路徑，以揭示我國大學生群體中，自我客體化對線上社交焦慮的具體影響機制及其性別差異；
第六章（研究3）探討自我客體化對大學生社交外表焦慮的影響，探尋自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、體像比較及積極應對方式四個變量對大學生社交外表焦慮的影響路徑，以揭示我國大學生群體中，自我客體化對社交外表焦慮的具體影響機制及其性別差異；
第七章（研究4）探討自我客體化對大學生社交焦慮的影響，探尋自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、身體不滿和自尊等四個變量對大學生社交焦慮的影響路徑，以揭示我國大學生群體中，自我客體化對社交焦慮的具體影響機制及其性別差異；
第八章（研究5）通過參考前人針對大學生人際社交體驗方面的幹預研究，運用團體動力學取向、認知行為取向和積極心理學取向的觀點，結合本文探索出的人際負性體驗的影響因素和機制，對大學生人際負性體驗進行團體輔導幹預研究，併設置控制組和實驗組進行對照，分別進行前後測、追蹤測試，從測試效果對比中檢驗此幹預的有效性。
本研究得出以下結論：
（1）按照嚴格的翻譯-回譯程序，翻譯修訂的大學生社交媒體外貌感知量表是一個有13個條目的單維度量表，在中國大學生群體具有良好的信效度，可以在該群體應用；大學生社交媒體外貌感知在年級和性別上具有顯著差異。
（2）大學生自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、理想美內化和線上社交焦慮等四變量顯著正相關；自我客體化和社交媒體外貌感知在男女大學生中存在性別差異；社交媒體外貌感知中介了大學生自我客體化和線上社交焦慮的關係；理想美內化中介了大學生自我客體化和線上社交焦慮的關係；社交媒體外貌感知和理想美內化在大學生自我客體化和線上社交焦慮的關係中起鏈式中介作用。在男女性別群組中，該模型的具體路徑存在顯著差異。
（3）大學生自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、體像比較、社交外表焦慮等四個變量顯著正相關，這四個變量與積極應對方式呈顯著負相關關係；社交媒體外貌感知中介了大學生自我客體化與社交外表焦慮的關係；體像比較中介了大學生自我客體化與社交外表焦慮的關係；社交媒體外貌感知與體像比較在大學生自我客體化與社交外表焦慮的關係中起鏈式中介效應；積極應對方式調節了社交媒體外貌感知中介大學生自我客體化與社交外表焦慮關係的後半路徑；積極應對方式調節了社交媒體外貌感知與體像比較在大學生自我客體化與社交外表焦慮的鏈式關係的最後路徑；在男女性別群組中，該模型的具體路徑存在顯著差異。
（4）大學生自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、身體不滿、社交焦慮等四個變量顯著正相關；自尊與大學生自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、身體不滿、社交焦慮呈顯著負相關。社交媒體外貌感知中介了大學生自我客體化與社交焦慮的關係；身體不滿中介了大學生自我客體化與社交焦慮的關係；自尊中介了大學生自我客體化與社交焦慮的關係；社交媒體外貌感知與身體不滿在大學生自我客體化與社交焦慮的關係中起鏈式中介效應；社交媒體外貌感知與自尊在大學生自我客體化與社交焦慮的關係中起鏈式中介效應；身體不滿與自尊在大學生自我客體化與社交焦慮的關係中起鏈式中介效應；社交媒體外貌感知、身體不滿、自尊在大學生自我客體化與社交焦慮的關係中起鏈式中介效應；在男女性別群組中，該模型的具體路徑存在顯著差異。
（5）從自我客體化視角下對大學生社交中的人際負性體驗進行團體輔導，結果表明，團體輔導可以緩解大學生社交外表焦慮、社交焦慮的程度，同時能降低大學生的自我客體化水平；團體輔導的後效部分顯著，一個月後進行追蹤測試，人際負性體驗中的社交焦慮保持持續的顯著性。

At present, among various types of psychological problems of college students, interpersonal relationship problems appear to be particularly prominent and seriously affect the physical and mental health of college students (Liu Li, 2018). When college students cannot handle and face interpersonal relationship problems well, it will inevitably lead to a series of negative interpersonal experiences in social interaction. In this study, we found that the high incidence and serious consequences of social anxiety (online and offline), social appearance anxiety, and other three kinds of negative social experiences among college students make us pay attention to them. Therefore, this study intends to systematically study these three types of negative interpersonal experiences with high prevalence among college students in order to provide an empirical basis for intervention.
Nowadays, in the golden age of social media, people are more concerned about "how I look like?" "Am I beautiful in all aspects of my body parts? " "How do I look more attractive?" In the female population, this use of women's appearance, body parts, or sexuality as a tool to represent women's own value is known as sexual objectification, and sexual objectification tends to lead to self-objectification. As the research progressed, the phenomenon of self-objectification was gradually extended from the initial female group to the male group. A large number of studies have shown that self-objectification is significantly related to variables such as social anxiety and social appearance anxiety (Zheng, Ni, & Luo, 2019; Turel et al., 2018), but the exploration of the mechanisms involved, especially based on social media perspectives, is still in its infancy. And few studies have systematically focused on the effects of self-objectification on negative interpersonal experiences, and little has been said about the mechanisms at play for emerging variables such as social appearance anxiety and online social anxiety.
Therefore, this study takes the social media perspective as the premise and university students as the research subjects. Based on the literature review and theoretical construction of previous studies, we use a combination of quantitative and intervention studies to examine the variables of online social anxiety, social appearance anxiety, and social anxiety in "interpersonal negative experiences" using five research systems The study investigated the effects of self-objectification on online social anxiety, social appearance anxiety, and social anxiety in negative interpersonal experiences and their mechanisms, and conducted an on-campus group counseling intervention study based on the insights from this series of studies. The details of the five studies are as follows.
Chapter 4 (Study 1) Chineseizes the 13-item Appearance-related Social Media Consciousness Scale (ASMC) developed by Choukas-Bradley et al. (2020), based on American adolescent subjects, to provide a group-appropriate and good reliability instrument for the measurement of appearance-related social media consciousness among college students in China.
Chapter 5 (Study 2) explores the influence of self-objectification on online social anxiety among college students, and explores the pathways of the three variables of self-objectification, appearance-related social media consciousness, and internalization of ideal beauty on online social anxiety among college students in China, in order to reveal the specific mechanisms of self-objectification on online social anxiety and its gender differences among college students in China.
Chapter 6 (Study 3) explores the influence of self-objectification on social appearance anxiety among college students, and explores the paths of the four variables of self-objectification, appearance-related social media consciousness, body image comparison, and positive coping style on social appearance anxiety among college students in China, in order to reveal the specific mechanisms of the influence of self-objectification on social appearance anxiety and its gender differences among a group of college students in China.
Chapter 7 (Study 4) explores the influence of self-objectification on social anxiety among college students, and explores the paths of the four variables of self-objectification, appearance-related social media consciousness, body dissatisfaction and self-esteem on social anxiety among college students, in order to reveal the specific mechanisms of the influence of self-objectification on social anxiety and its gender differences among a group of college students in China.
Chapter 8 (Study 5) uses group dynamics orientation, cognitive-behavioral orientation, and positive psychology orientation by referring to previous studies of in-school interventions for interpersonal social orientation of college students, and combines the influencing factors and mechanisms of interpersonal negative experiences derived in this study to conduct group counseling interventions for interpersonal negative experiences of college students, and tests the effects of this in the comparison of pre-test and follow-up test in the control and experimental groups. The effectiveness of this group counseling intervention study was tested in the comparison of the effects of pre-test and follow-up test in the control and experimental groups.
The following conclusions were drawn from this study.
(1) The revised appearance-related social media consciousness of college students, which was translated and revised according to a strict translation-back translation procedure, is a unidimensional scale with 13 items, has good reliability and validity in the Chinese college student population, and can be applied in this group; the appearance-related social media consciousness of college students has significant differences in terms of grade and gender.
(2) College students' self-objectification, appearance-related social media consciousness, ideal beauty internalization and online social anxiety showed two significant positive correlations; gender differences existed between male and female college students in self-objectification and appearance-related social media consciousness; appearance-related social media consciousness mediated the relationship between college students' self-objectification and online social anxiety; ideal beauty internalization mediated the relationship between college students' self-objectification and online social anxiety. Appearance-related social media consciousness and ideal beauty internalization play a chain mediating role in the relationship between college students' self-objectification and online social anxiety. There were significant differences in the specific paths of the model in the male and female gender cohorts.
(3) The four variables of college students' self-objectification, appearance-related social media consciousness, body image comparison, and social appearance anxiety were significantly positively correlated with each other, and these four variables were significantly negatively correlated with positive coping style; appearance-related social media consciousness mediated the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social appearance anxiety; body image comparison mediated the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social appearance anxiety; social media social media perception of appearance and body image comparison mediated the chain effect in the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social appearance anxiety; positive coping modulated the second half of the pathway of social media perception of appearance mediating the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social appearance anxiety; positive coping modulated the final pathway of social media perception of appearance and body image comparison in the chain relationship between college students' self-objectification and social appearance anxiety; in the There were significant differences in the specific paths of the model in the male and female gender cohorts.
(4) The four variables of self-objectification, appearance-related social media consciousness, body dissatisfaction, and social anxiety were significantly and positively correlated; self-esteem was negatively correlated with self-objectification, appearance-related social media consciousness, body dissatisfaction, and social anxiety in college students. Appearance-related social media consciousness mediated the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety; body dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety; self-esteem mediated the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety; appearance-related social media consciousness and body dissatisfaction mediate the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety; appearance-related social media consciousness and self-esteem mediate the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety; body dissatisfaction and self-esteem mediate the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety; appearance-related social media consciousness, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem mediate the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety; appearance-related social media consciousness, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem mediate the relationship between college students' self-objectification and social anxiety. The specific paths of the model differed significantly between the male and female gender groups.
(5) The results of group counseling on negative interpersonal experiences in college students' socialization from the perspective of self-objectification showed that group counseling could alleviate college students' social appearance anxiety and social anxiety level while reducing college students' self-objectification level; the aftereffects of group counseling were partially significant, and social anxiety in negative interpersonal experiences remained consistently significant when a follow-up test was administered after one month.

2022

中文

166

致 謝 I
摘 要 V
Abstract IX
目 錄 XV
圖目錄 XX
表目錄 XXI
第一章 緒 論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究意義 6
1.2.1 本研究的理論意義 6
1.2.2 本研究的實踐意義 6
第二章 文獻綜述 7
2.1 自我客體化及其相關研究 7
2.1.1 自我客體化的概念 7
2.1.2 自我客體化的相關理論 8
2.1.3 自我客體化的測量 11
2.1.4 自我客體化的相關研究 12
2.1.5 自我客體化的幹預研究 19
2.2 社交中人際負性體驗及其相關研究 20
2.2.1 社交中人際負性體驗的相關概念 20
2.2.2 社交中人際負性體驗的相關理論 23
2.2.3 社交中人際負性體驗的測量 26
2.2.4 社交中人際負性體驗的相關研究 28
2.2.5 社交中人際負性體驗的幹預研究 31
第三章 問題提出與研究設計 33
3.1 問題提出 33
3.2 研究設計 36
3.2.1 研究內容 36
3.2.2 總體研究構思 37
3.2.3 研究主要假設 38
第四章 《社交媒體外貌感知量表》在中國大學生中的翻譯修訂與初步應用 39
4.1 研究目的 39
4.2 研究工具與假設 41
4.2.1 研究工具 41
4.2.2 研究假設 42
4.3 研究方法 43
4.3.1 研究被試 43
4.3.2 數據處理步驟 44
4.4 研究結果 44
4.4.1 量表的項目分析 44
4.4.2 探索性因素分析 45
4.4.3 驗證性因素分析 46
4.4.4 信度檢驗 47
4.4.5 校標關聯效度 48
4.4.6 社交媒體外貌感知量表在大學生群體的初步應用 48
4.5 討論 50
4.5.1 社交媒體外貌感知量表中文版的有效性 50
4.5.2 中國大學生社交媒體外貌感知的人口統計學差異 50
4.6 結論 52
第五章 自我客體化對大學生線上社交焦慮的影響 53
5.1 研究目的 53
5.1.1 自我客體化與大學生線上社交焦慮 55
5.1.2 社交媒體外貌感知的中介作用 56
5.1.3 理想美內化的中介作用 57
5.1.4 社交媒體外貌感知和理想美內化的鏈式中介作用 58
5.2 研究假設 58
5.3 研究方法 59
5.3.1 被試 59
5.3.2 研究工具 60
5.3.3 實施程序和數據處理 61
5.4 研究結果 61
5.4.1 共同方法偏差的檢驗 61
5.4.2 各變量的描述性統計 61
5.4.3 基於結構方程模型的中介效應檢驗 62
5.4.4 中介結構方程模型的性別差異 65
5.5 討論 67
5.5.1 自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、理想美內化和線上社交焦慮的關係 67
5.5.2 社交媒體外貌感知的中介作用 68
5.5.3 理想美內化的中介作用 68
5.5.4 社交媒體外貌感知和理想美內化的中介作用 69
5.5.5 男女群組的多群組對比分析 69
5.6 結論 71
第六章 自我客體化對社交外表焦慮的影響 72
6.1 研究目的 72
6.1.1 自我客體化與社交外表焦慮 72
6.1.2 社交媒體外貌感知的中介作用 73
6.1.3 體像比較的中介作用 73
6.1.4 社交媒體外貌感知和體像比較的鏈式中介作用 74
6.1.5 積極應對方式的調節作用 75
6.2 研究假設 76
6.3 研究方法 77
6.3.1 被試 77
6.3.2 研究工具 77
6.3.3 實施程序和數據處理 78
6.4 研究結果 78
6.4.1 共同方法偏差的檢驗 78
6.4.2 各變量的描述性統計及相關分析 79
6.4.3 基於結構方程模型的中介效應檢驗 80
6.4.4 中介結構方程模型的性別差異 82
6.4.5 積極應對方式的調節作用檢驗 84
6.5 討論 86
6.5.1 自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、體像比較、社交外表焦慮和積極應對方式 86
6.5.2 社交媒體外貌感知的中介作用 87
6.5.3 體像比較的中介作用 87
6.5.4 社交媒體外貌感知和體像比較的鏈式中介作用 88
6.5.5 中介結構方程模型的多群組分析 88
6.5.6 積極應對方式的調節作用 89
6.6 結論 90
第七章 自我客體化對社交焦慮的影響 91
7.1 研究目的 91
7.1.1 自我客體化與社交焦慮 91
7.1.2 社交媒體外貌感知的中介作用 91
7.1.3 身體不滿的中介作用 92
7.1.4 自尊的中介作用 93
7.1.5 社交媒體外貌感知、身體不滿、自尊的鏈式中介作用 94
7.2 研究假設 94
7.3 研究方法 95
7.3.1 被試 95
7.3.2 研究工具 96
7.3.3 實施程序和數據處理 97
7.4 研究結果 97
7.4.1 共同方法偏差的檢驗 97
7.4.2 各變量的描述性統計及相關分析 97
7.4.3 基於結構方程模型的中介效應檢驗 98
7.4.4 中介結構方程模型的性別差異 101
7.5 討論 103
7.5.1 自我客體化、社交媒體外貌感知、身體不滿、自尊、社交焦慮的關係 103
7.5.2 社交媒體外貌感知的中介作用 104
7.5.3 身體不滿的中介作用 104
7.5.4 自尊的中介作用 105
7.5.5 社交媒體外貌感知、身體不滿、自尊的鏈式中介作用 105
7.5.6 男女群組的多群組對比分析 105
7.6 結論 107
第八章 從自我客體化視角對大學生社交中人際負性體驗的幹預研究 108
8.1 問題提出 108
8.1.1 幹預研究現狀 108
8.1.2 本次團體輔導對社交焦慮幹預研究的理論基礎 111
8.1.3 本論文中理論模型與實踐結合 113
8.2 研究假設 114
8.3 研究方法 114
8.3.1 被試 114
8.3.2研究工具 115
8.3.3 實驗設計與程序 116
8.4 研究結果 117
8.4.1 實驗組與對照組前測差異比較 117
8.4.2 對照組前後側差異比較 118
8.4.3 實驗組前後側差異比較 119
8.4.4 實驗組前側與追蹤測試差異比較 120
8.4.5 實驗組被試對於整個團體效果的評價 120
8.4.6 實驗組被試對本次團體輔導的主觀體驗及感受 121
8.5 討論 123
8.5.1 本團體的創新性 123
8.5.2 團體輔導效果分析 123
8.6 結論 126
第九章 主要結論與研究展望 127
9.1 本研究的主要結論 127
9.2 研究的不足與展望 127
參考文獻 127
作者簡歷 158
附 錄 159

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