隋龍

楊韶剛

大健康學院

應用心理學博士學位課程

博士

2021

澳門中國內地移民涵化和心理適應研究

Research on the Acculturation and Psychological Adaptation among Mainland Chinese Immigrants in Macau

涵化取向 ; 涵化模式 ; 認同 ; 自尊 ; 生活滿意度

Acculturation Orientation ; Acculturation Profile ; Identity ; Self-Esteem ; Life-Satisfaction

公開日期：11/7/2025

移民在澳門文化互動和適應問題關係到澳門文化多樣性發展和社會和諧。內地移民作為澳門人口結構中的重要組成部分，是近年來增長最快的文化群體之一，但我們對內地移民個體水平如何跨文化生活和適應變化知之甚少。為系統、全面地理解內地移民在澳門多元文化情境下的文化互動和適應情況，本研究基於Berry心理學涵化理論和涵化三階段研究框架，結合跨文化心理學領域的最新進展，採用量性和質性相結合的研究方法，重點探討了內地移民涵化過程和心理適應結果的發展特點和一般規律。
本研究以澳門第一代內地移民為研究對象，採用目的抽樣和滾雪球抽樣，共收集了1,303份有效樣本，以及對22位內地移民進行深度訪談，圍繞內地移民的涵化方式、心理適應、涵化方式和心理適應間關係三方面問題進行研究，獲得以下研究結果。
一、通過對14位內地移民的深度訪談，根據內地移民涵化、認同經歷建構起內地移民涵化雙線多維模型。其次，在所建構模型的基礎上編制了澳門內地移民多維涵化取向問卷，包括內地文化取向和澳門文化取向部分，各取向涉及語言、社交、認同、知識四個變化維度。有關分析結果表明該問卷具有較好的信效度。根據評估結果，內地移民在內地文化取向（M = 3.89, SD = 0.72）和澳門文化取向（M = 3.81, SD = 0.68）方面均高於自編問卷理論中值，這表明本研究調查的內地移民對兩種文化都有著積極的態度和參與。
二、為進一步理解內地移民涵化方式的個人水平差異，採用「個體為中心」研究方法，通過對涵化取向、文化認同、語言能力、社會接觸、自我建構五組涵化經歷變量進行潛剖面建模（LPA），最終確定出四分類內地移民涵化模式：低社會接觸內地模式、雙文化模式、高社會接觸邊緣化模式、澳門模式。其中雙文化模式樣本佔總體樣本量的多數。
三、以自尊、生活滿意度兩個心理健康指標考察內地移民的心理適應結果。根據主成分分析，自尊和生活滿意度可以歸為單一因子結構，反映移民整體心理適應程度。按照評估結果，內地移民有著較高的心理適應水平（M = 3.47, SD = 0.56）；並且自尊（M = 3.46, SD = 0.56）、生活滿意度（M = 3.48, SD = 0.80）皆高於有關標準。
四、在控制有關人口統計學變量後，雙文化模式的內地移民有著最佳的心理適應結果，並且自尊、生活滿意度兩個正向評估指標都高於樣本均值。澳門模式的內地移民心理適應結果僅次於雙文化模式，但生活滿意度水平低於樣本均值。低社會接觸內地模式和高社會接觸邊緣化模式的移民心理適應水平相對較差。
五、居澳時間、感知歧視、社會支持是內地移民涵化取向、涵化模式顯著的解釋和預測變量。內地移民在澳門定居時間越長則更傾向澳門模式。
六、基於涵化過程動態發展視角，以案例法調查8位不同涵化模式的內地移民。結果表明，積極接觸可以促進個人發展出雙文化模式或澳門模式，更好地融入整個社會；消極接觸則會導致個人取向內地模式、邊緣化模式，可能會面臨較多的涵化壓力和適應問題。
本研究所得主要結論如下：內地移民的涵化過程具有差異性、互動性、社會性特點；個體涵化方式傾向反映出特定的行為和心理模式，並與心理適應變化相關聯。最後，根據本研究發現討論了研究局限和未來研究方向，並對公共政策和多元文化措施完善以及心理咨詢和干預提出建議。

Immigrants play a critical role in cultural interaction and their cultural adaptation exerts an immense impact over a society’s multicultural development and integration. Despite the fact that the Chinese-mainland immigrants being the fastest-growing and largest cultural groups in Macau’s demographic composition in recent years, little has been known on how these mainland immigrants live across cultures and adapt to changes at an individual level in Macau. This study is conducted based on Berry’s acculturation theory, the three-step acculturation framework and the latest progress in the field of cross-cultural psychology in order to understand the cultural interaction and adaptation of mainland immigrants in Macau’s context from a holistic perspective. This research combines quantitative and qualitative method aiming at examining the features of and analysing the mainland migrants' acculturation process and psychological adaptation outcomes in Macau.
The current study focuses on the first generation of mainland immigrants in Macau. With purposive sampling and snowball sampling, a total of 1,303 participants were recruited to complete the questionnaires, and 22 participants took the in-depth interviews. This research examines the following: Mainland immigrant’s (1) acculturation pattern, (2) psychological adaptation and (3) the relationship between acculturation pattern and psychological adaptation.
(1) Through in-depth interviews with 14 mainland immigrants, a bilinear and multi-dimensional model of mainland immigrant acculturation was constructed according to the respondents’ cultural interaction and identification experiences in Macau. Secondly, on the basis of the constructed model, a scale of multi-dimensional acculturation orientation of Mainland immigrants was developed, including Mainland cultural orientation and Macau cultural orientation with the four factors namely language, social interaction, identity, knowledge. The results showed that the scale had good reliability and validity. The mainland immigrants' cultural orientation (M = 3.89, SD = 0.72) and Macau cultural orientation (M = 3.81, SD = 0.68) were higher than the theoretical median value of the scale, which indicated that the participants in this study had a positive attitude towards both cultures and engaged.
(2) In order to examine the acculturation pattern of the mainland immigrants at the individual level, the person-centered approach was adopted to carry out a latent profile analysis of five acculturation experience variables, namely, acculturation orientation, cultural identity, language proficiency, social contact, and self-construction. As a result, four acculturation profiles were identified: low social contact mainland profile, bicultural profile, high social contact marginalised profile, and Macau profile. Among them, the bicultural model participants accounted for the majority of the overall sample size/the majority of the sample.
(3) In terms of psychological adaptation of the samples, two positive mental health indicators, self-esteem and life satisfaction, are evaluated. Principal component analysis showed that self-esteem and life satisfaction could be classified into a one factor structure to reflect participants’ psychological adaptation. According to the assessment results, the samples had a higher and positive level of psychological adaptation (M = 3.47, SD = 0.56); and self-esteem (M = 3.46, SD = 0.56) and life satisfaction (M = 3.48, SD = 0.80) were both higher than the relevant standards.
(4) Length of Residence in Macau, perceived discrimination, and social support are significant explanatory and predictor variables for acculturation orientation and acculturation profiles of mainland immigrants. The longer the residence time in Macau, the more inclined they are to the Macau profile.
(5) After controlling for the effects of demographic factors, the bicultural profile participants had the most positive psychological adaptation result with both indicators of self-esteem and life satisfaction being higher than the sample mean. The result of the Macau profile psychological adaptation of mainland immigrants came after the bicultural profile where the level of life satisfaction is slightly lower than the sample mean. Immigrants categorised as low social contact mainland profile and high social contact marginalised profile had a relatively poorer psychological adaptation outcome.
(6) Due to the dynamic nature and developmental perspective of the acculturation process, the case-study method was used to investigate eight mainland immigrants with different acculturation profiles. The results showed that positive contact promoted individuals to develop bicultural profile or Macau profile which allowed better contact/participate into the large society; negative contact was likely to lead to individuals oriented towards the mainland profile and marginalised profile, which might face greater acculturation stress and adjustment issues.
To conclude, the process of mainland immigrants' acculturation in Macau was characterized by individual differences, interactivity and sociality. Immigrants' acculturation pattern reflected specific behaviors and psychological patterns, and related to with changes in psychological adaptation. Finally, research limitations and future research directions are discussed based on the findings of this study, and recommendations on public policy and multicultural measures, as well as psychological counseling and intervention are presented.

2022

中文

438

致　謝 I
摘　要 III
Abstract VI
圖目錄 XV
表目錄 XVI
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 移民與多元文化 5
1.2.1 人口結構 6
1.2.2 公共政策 6
1.2.3 群際態度 8
1.3 心理學視角的移民研究 8
1.4 澳門移民研究現狀 10
1.5 研究意義 13
1.5.1 理論意義 14
1.5.2 現實意義 15
第二章 文獻綜述 17
2.1 澳門社會背景 17
2.1.1 澳門人口結構和內地移民概況 17
2.1.2 澳門族群概況 29
2.1.3 澳門人的身份認同 30
2.2 澳門文化特徵及影響因素 33
2.2.1 澳門文化外在特徵 34
2.2.2 澳門文化內在特徵 35
2.3 涵化與心理適應 37
2.3.1 涵化術語標準化界定 37
2.3.2 涵化定義 39
2.3.3 涵化研究模型 42
2.3.4 涵化測量和評估方法 64
2.3.5 適應和心理適應 71
2.4 涵化和心理適應的影響因素 81
2.4.1 個人背景 81
2.4.2 社會文化背景 87
第三章 研究問題與研究構想 100
3.1 以往研究的問題和局限 100
3.2 研究框架 103
3.3 問題提出 105
3.4 研究目的 106
3.5 研究對象 106
3.6 抽樣方法 107
3.7 研究步驟 107
3.8 研究內容 109
3.9 研究工具 110
3.10 研究假設 110
3.11 統計分析工具 111
第四章 澳門內地移民涵化取向雙線多維結構研究 112
4.1 研究目的 112
4.2 研究設計 113
4.2.1 研究假設 113
4.2.2 研究方法 113
4.2.3 研究對象 113
4.2.4 研究過程和工具 115
4.2.5 資料分析 116
4.3 結果 118
4.3.1 行為涵化維度 118
4.3.2 心理涵化維度 121
4.4 討論 127
4.5 小結 131
第五章 澳門內地移民多維涵化取向問卷編制 132
5.1 研究目的 132
5.2 研究設計 132
5.2.1 理論基礎 132
5.2.2 研究方法 133
5.2.3 研究對象 133
5.2.4 研究工具 134
5.2.5 數據分析 134
5.3 結果 134
5.3.1 初測問卷的題項編制與修訂 134
5.3.2 正式問卷的編制 139
5.4 討論 176
5.4.1 涵化取向雙線多維結構的驗證 176
5.4.2 自編澳門內地移民多維涵化取向問卷的心理測量學特徵 178
5.5 小結 181
第六章 澳門內地移民涵化取向和心理適應發展特點及關係模型 183
6.1 研究目的 183
6.2 研究設計 184
6.2.1 研究假設 184
6.2.2 研究方法 185
6.2.3 研究對象 186
6.2.4 研究工具 189
6.2.5 數據分析 191
6.3 結果 191
6.3.1 澳門內地移民涵化取向的總體情況 191
6.3.2 澳門內地移民涵化取向個體差異情況 192
6.3.3 澳門內地移民心理適應的總體情況 201
6.3.4 澳門內地移民心理適應個體差異情況 202
6.3.5 澳門內地移民涵化取向和心理適應差異分析結果匯總 207
6.3.6 涵化過程關係模型 208
6.4 討論 220
6.4.1 澳門內地移民涵化取向和心理適應的總體情況 220
6.4.2 涵化過程關係模型 223
6.4.3 社會支持的主效果模型和壓力緩衝模型檢驗 225
6.5 小結 226
第七章 澳門內地移民涵化模式研究 228
7.1 研究目的 228
7.2 研究設計 229
7.2.1 研究假設 229
7.2.2 研究方法 229
7.2.3 研究對象 230
7.2.4 研究工具 230
7.2.5 數據分析 232
7.3 結果 232
7.3.1 涵化模式分類方案 232
7.3.2 涵化模式分析 233
7.3.3 涵化模式與感知歧視及社會支持 241
7.3.4 涵化模式差異 243
7.3.5 居澳時間、感知歧視、社會支持對涵化模式的預測及解釋作用 249
7.4 討論 253
7.4.1 涵化四分類模式 254
7.4.2 涵化模式與移民個人背景關聯 258
7.4.3 居澳時間、感知歧視、社會支持對涵化模式影響作用分析 260
7.5 小結 263
第八章 澳門內地移民涵化模式與心理適應關係研究 264
8.1 研究目的 264
8.2 研究設計 265
8.2.1 研究假設 265
8.2.2 研究方法 265
8.2.3 研究對象 265
8.2.4 研究工具 265
8.2.5 數據分析 266
8.3 結果 266
8.3.1 涵化模式與心理適應描述分析 266
8.3.2 涵化模式與心理適應 268
8.3.3 涵化模式與自尊、生活滿意度 270
8.4 討論 272
8.4.1 涵化模式與心理適應 273
8.4.2 涵化模式與自尊和生活滿意度 275
8.5 小結 278
第九章 澳門內地移民涵化經歷案例研究 279
9.1 研究目的 279
9.2 研究設計 280
9.2.1 研究假设 280
9.2.2 研究方法 280
9.2.3 案例選擇 280
9.2.4 研究過程和工具 281
9.2.5 資料分析 282
9.3 結果 284
9.3.1 案例描述 284
9.3.2 跨案例綜合分析 287
9.4 討論 298
9.4.1 社會接觸影響作用 299
9.4.2 身份文化認同的維持與變化 303
9.4.3 心理健康與心理問題 305
9.4.4 涵化三階段過程質性分析 307
9.5 小結 308
第十章 總討論與總結論 310
10.1 澳門內地移民涵化概況 311
10.1.1 澳門內地移民涵化取向 312
10.1.2 澳門內地移民涵化模式 315
10.1.3 澳門內地移民普遍傾向的涵化模式 321
10.2 澳門內地移民心理適應概況 322
10.3 涵化與心理適應的關係 324
10.4 涵化經歷和心理適應的影響因素 328
10.4.1 移民個人背景 328
10.4.2 定居社會背景 332
10.5 澳門內地移民涵化模式發展路徑 334
10.6 研究局限及未來研究展望 338
10.7 啟示和建議 340
10.8 主要研究結果 343
10.9 總結論 345
參考文獻 348
作者簡歷 411
附　錄 412

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