本校學位論文庫
CITYU Theses & Dissertations
論文詳情
陈晓桁
AlvesJose Lopes Camilo Da Costa
商學院
工商管理博士學位(DBA)課程(中文學制)
博士
2021
The Co-creation of Digital Servitization in the Industrial Internet of Things Startups
The Co-creation of Digital Servitization in the Industrial Internet of Things Startups
IIoT ; digital servitization ; co-creation ; social network
IIoT ; digital servitization ; co-creation ; social network
公開日期：9/8/2025
Potential benefits of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology drive firms to pursue opportunities of servitization. However, there are challenges for firms to capture digital service values. Literature about the convergence of digital technology and servitization is recent, with more focus on technology than strategy. This study explores the process of IIoT software startups to create and capture value through smart services.
By using the theory of social capital and the social network perspective, the study develops a conceptual framework about how firms foster value in co-creation and achieve sustainable competitive advantages from network structures and relational rents.
A qualitative multiple case study method is used to collect rich information and conduct in-depth case analysis in four IIoT startups to understand their competence and co-creation strategy in delivering services for manufacturing customers.
The analysis identifies four types of service networks that help firms realize the opportunities. The findings are further categorized into a new conceptual framework that is combined by dimensions of digital servitization and network structure, and the results show that there are three network strategic paths, in which network evolves as servitization advance. These network strategies enable IIoT startups to leverage resources and capabilities in different service networks to capture service values and competitive advantages.
The study contributes to the integration of theory of digital servitization and social capital, the development of structural approach by visualization and appliable constructs. It is argued that firms tend to form into service ecosystem with relational governance, where they work as a platform provider or a technology complementor. The study also provides practical recommendations to managers that IIoT startups need to acquire complementary capabilities and resources from service network, and use relational governance to maintain long-term co-creation of advanced services.
By using the theory of social capital and the social network perspective, the study develops a conceptual framework about how firms foster value in co-creation and achieve sustainable competitive advantages from network structures and relational rents.
A qualitative multiple case study method is used to collect rich information and conduct in-depth case analysis in four IIoT startups to understand their competence and co-creation strategy in delivering services for manufacturing customers.
The analysis identifies four types of service networks that help firms realize the opportunities. The findings are further categorized into a new conceptual framework that is combined by dimensions of digital servitization and network structure, and the results show that there are three network strategic paths, in which network evolves as servitization advance. These network strategies enable IIoT startups to leverage resources and capabilities in different service networks to capture service values and competitive advantages.
The study contributes to the integration of theory of digital servitization and social capital, the development of structural approach by visualization and appliable constructs. It is argued that firms tend to form into service ecosystem with relational governance, where they work as a platform provider or a technology complementor. The study also provides practical recommendations to managers that IIoT startups need to acquire complementary capabilities and resources from service network, and use relational governance to maintain long-term co-creation of advanced services.
Potential benefits of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technology drive firms to pursue opportunities of servitization. However, there are challenges for firms to capture digital service values. Literature about the convergence of digital technology and servitization is recent, with more focus on technology than strategy. This study explores the process of IIoT software startups to create and capture value through smart services.
By using the theory of social capital and the social network perspective, the study develops a conceptual framework about how firms foster value in co-creation and achieve sustainable competitive advantages from network structures and relational rents.
A qualitative multiple case study method is used to collect rich information and conduct in-depth case analysis in four IIoT startups to understand their competence and co-creation strategy in delivering services for manufacturing customers.
The analysis identifies four types of service networks that help firms realize the opportunities. The findings are further categorized into a new conceptual framework that is combined by dimensions of digital servitization and network structure, and the results show that there are three network strategic paths, in which network evolves as servitization advance. These network strategies enable IIoT startups to leverage resources and capabilities in different service networks to capture service values and competitive advantages.
The study contributes to the integration of theory of digital servitization and social capital, the development of structural approach by visualization and appliable constructs. It is argued that firms tend to form into service ecosystem with relational governance, where they work as a platform provider or a technology complementor. The study also provides practical recommendations to managers that IIoT startups need to acquire complementary capabilities and resources from service network, and use relational governance to maintain long-term co-creation of advanced services.
By using the theory of social capital and the social network perspective, the study develops a conceptual framework about how firms foster value in co-creation and achieve sustainable competitive advantages from network structures and relational rents.
A qualitative multiple case study method is used to collect rich information and conduct in-depth case analysis in four IIoT startups to understand their competence and co-creation strategy in delivering services for manufacturing customers.
The analysis identifies four types of service networks that help firms realize the opportunities. The findings are further categorized into a new conceptual framework that is combined by dimensions of digital servitization and network structure, and the results show that there are three network strategic paths, in which network evolves as servitization advance. These network strategies enable IIoT startups to leverage resources and capabilities in different service networks to capture service values and competitive advantages.
The study contributes to the integration of theory of digital servitization and social capital, the development of structural approach by visualization and appliable constructs. It is argued that firms tend to form into service ecosystem with relational governance, where they work as a platform provider or a technology complementor. The study also provides practical recommendations to managers that IIoT startups need to acquire complementary capabilities and resources from service network, and use relational governance to maintain long-term co-creation of advanced services.
2022
英文
215
Acknowledgement I
Abstract II
List of Figures VII
List of Tables VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the research 1
1.2 Research problem 3
1.3 Research purpose 5
1.4 Research questions 7
1.5 Theoretical perspective 8
1.6 Methodological approach 9
1.7 Research significance 10
1.8 Limitations 10
1.9 Outline of the dissertation 11
Chapter 2 Literature Review and Research Issues 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Methodology 16
2.2.1 Search strategy 16
2.2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria 17
2.2.3 Data analysis 17
2.3 Descriptive analysis 18
2.3.1 Publication trend and journal distribution 18
2.3.2 Methodological approaches 19
2.3.3 Industrial sector 20
2.3.4 Theoretical foundations 21
2.4. Thematic analysis 22
2.4.1 Concept of Industrial Internet of Things 22
2.4.2 Concept of digital servitization 27
2.4.3 Drivers and barriers of digital servitization 32
2.4.4 Co-creation in digital service 38
2.4.5 Sources of competitive advantages in digital servitization 42
2.4.6 Social capital theory and value creation of digital service 46
2.4.7 Structure of co-creation service network in digital servitization 50
2.4.8 Relational rents from co-creation service network in digital servitization 55
2.5 Tentative conceptual framework 60
2.6 Chapter Summary 62
Chapter 3 Research Design and Methods 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Research design 65
3.3 Qualitative research techniques and procedures 69
3.3.1 Case selection 69
3.3.2 Data collection 74
3.3.3 Data analysis 77
3.4 Validity and reliability 79
3.5 Limitations of the methods 79
3.6 Ethical considerations 80
3.7 Chapter Summary 80
Chapter 4 Analysis and Results 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 IIoT Ecology Company 81
4.2.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 81
4.2.2 Barriers of digital servitization 83
4.2.3 IIoT service ecosystem 84
4.2.4 Relational rents of service ecosystem 89
4.3 Case of Smart Marine IIoT company 100
4.3.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 100
4.3.2 Barriers of digital servitization 101
4.3.3 Vertical life-cycle service network 103
4.3.4 Relational rents of service network 106
4.4 Case of IIoT Integrator Company 114
4.4.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 114
4.4.2 Barriers of digital servitization 115
4.4.3 Horizontal integration service network 116
4.4.4 Relational rents of service network 120
4.5 Case of Xing Intelligence Company 128
4.5.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 128
4.5.2 Barriers of digital servitization 129
4.5.3 After-sale and horizontal outsourcing service network 130
4.5.4 Relational rents of service network 133
4.6 Cross-case analysis and results 140
4.6.1 Main barriers in digital servitization 140
4.6.2 Service network structure in digital servitization 142
4.6.3 Relational rents from co-creation service network in digital servitization 147
4.7 Chapter summary 148
Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion 150
5.1 Summary of main findings 150
5.1.1 Conceptual framework 150
5.1.2 “Path a”: leverage closed, vertical life-cycle service network and advanced servitization to form service ecosystem 153
5.1.3 “Path b”: leverage open, horizontal service network and intermediate servitization to form service ecosystem 155
5.1.4 “Path c”: leverage vertical after-sale and horizontal outsourcing network, and basic servitization to complement service ecosystem 157
5.2 Answers to research questions 158
5.3 Implication for theory 161
5.3.1 Co-creation of IIoT service with a multidisciplinary approach 161
5.3.2 Integrating theory of digital servitization with structural capital 162
5.3.3 Linkage of digital servitization with relational view 163
5.4 Implication for business practice and managers 165
5.4.1 Network strategic paths for digital servitization 165
5.4.2 Complementary digitalization capabilities and industrial knowledge 166
5.4.3 Relational governance for effective co-creation 167
5.5 Implication for policy 167
5.5.1 Integrating IIoT with manufacturing to build IIoT ecosystem 167
5.5.2 Funding and incentives for IIoT startups 168
5.5.3 Pilot project of smart manufacturing for lead firms 168
5.5.4 Establishment of IIoT security system 168
5.6 Limitations and future research 169
5.7 Conclusion 170
References 172
The author’s resumes 186
Appendix 1 List of literature review samples 187
Appendix 2 Interview database 191
Appendix 3 List of secondary data 214
Abstract II
List of Figures VII
List of Tables VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the research 1
1.2 Research problem 3
1.3 Research purpose 5
1.4 Research questions 7
1.5 Theoretical perspective 8
1.6 Methodological approach 9
1.7 Research significance 10
1.8 Limitations 10
1.9 Outline of the dissertation 11
Chapter 2 Literature Review and Research Issues 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Methodology 16
2.2.1 Search strategy 16
2.2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria 17
2.2.3 Data analysis 17
2.3 Descriptive analysis 18
2.3.1 Publication trend and journal distribution 18
2.3.2 Methodological approaches 19
2.3.3 Industrial sector 20
2.3.4 Theoretical foundations 21
2.4. Thematic analysis 22
2.4.1 Concept of Industrial Internet of Things 22
2.4.2 Concept of digital servitization 27
2.4.3 Drivers and barriers of digital servitization 32
2.4.4 Co-creation in digital service 38
2.4.5 Sources of competitive advantages in digital servitization 42
2.4.6 Social capital theory and value creation of digital service 46
2.4.7 Structure of co-creation service network in digital servitization 50
2.4.8 Relational rents from co-creation service network in digital servitization 55
2.5 Tentative conceptual framework 60
2.6 Chapter Summary 62
Chapter 3 Research Design and Methods 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Research design 65
3.3 Qualitative research techniques and procedures 69
3.3.1 Case selection 69
3.3.2 Data collection 74
3.3.3 Data analysis 77
3.4 Validity and reliability 79
3.5 Limitations of the methods 79
3.6 Ethical considerations 80
3.7 Chapter Summary 80
Chapter 4 Analysis and Results 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 IIoT Ecology Company 81
4.2.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 81
4.2.2 Barriers of digital servitization 83
4.2.3 IIoT service ecosystem 84
4.2.4 Relational rents of service ecosystem 89
4.3 Case of Smart Marine IIoT company 100
4.3.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 100
4.3.2 Barriers of digital servitization 101
4.3.3 Vertical life-cycle service network 103
4.3.4 Relational rents of service network 106
4.4 Case of IIoT Integrator Company 114
4.4.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 114
4.4.2 Barriers of digital servitization 115
4.4.3 Horizontal integration service network 116
4.4.4 Relational rents of service network 120
4.5 Case of Xing Intelligence Company 128
4.5.1 Background of case company in digital servitization 128
4.5.2 Barriers of digital servitization 129
4.5.3 After-sale and horizontal outsourcing service network 130
4.5.4 Relational rents of service network 133
4.6 Cross-case analysis and results 140
4.6.1 Main barriers in digital servitization 140
4.6.2 Service network structure in digital servitization 142
4.6.3 Relational rents from co-creation service network in digital servitization 147
4.7 Chapter summary 148
Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion 150
5.1 Summary of main findings 150
5.1.1 Conceptual framework 150
5.1.2 “Path a”: leverage closed, vertical life-cycle service network and advanced servitization to form service ecosystem 153
5.1.3 “Path b”: leverage open, horizontal service network and intermediate servitization to form service ecosystem 155
5.1.4 “Path c”: leverage vertical after-sale and horizontal outsourcing network, and basic servitization to complement service ecosystem 157
5.2 Answers to research questions 158
5.3 Implication for theory 161
5.3.1 Co-creation of IIoT service with a multidisciplinary approach 161
5.3.2 Integrating theory of digital servitization with structural capital 162
5.3.3 Linkage of digital servitization with relational view 163
5.4 Implication for business practice and managers 165
5.4.1 Network strategic paths for digital servitization 165
5.4.2 Complementary digitalization capabilities and industrial knowledge 166
5.4.3 Relational governance for effective co-creation 167
5.5 Implication for policy 167
5.5.1 Integrating IIoT with manufacturing to build IIoT ecosystem 167
5.5.2 Funding and incentives for IIoT startups 168
5.5.3 Pilot project of smart manufacturing for lead firms 168
5.5.4 Establishment of IIoT security system 168
5.6 Limitations and future research 169
5.7 Conclusion 170
References 172
The author’s resumes 186
Appendix 1 List of literature review samples 187
Appendix 2 Interview database 191
Appendix 3 List of secondary data 214
1. Aarikka-Stenroos, L., & Jaakkola, E. (2012). Value co-creation in knowledge intensive business services: A dyadic perspective on the joint problem solving process. Industrial Marketing Management, 41, 15–26.
2. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. In Academy of Management Review.
3. Adner, R. (2006). Match your innovation strategy to your innovation ecosystem. Harvard Business Review, 84(4), 98–107.
4. Adner, R. (2017). Ecosystem as Structure: An Actionable Construct for Strategy. Journal of Management, 43(1), 39–58.
5. Adrodegari, F., & Saccani, N. (2017). Business models for the service transformation of industrial firms. Service Industries Journal, 37(1), 57–83.
6. Alliance of Industrial Internet. (2020). Industrial Internet system framework version 2.0.
7. Anke, J. (2019). Design-integrated financial assessment of smart services. Electronic Markets, 29(1), 19–35.
8. Ardolino, M., Rapaccini, M., Saccani, N., Gaiardelli, P., Crespi, G., & Ruggeri, C. (2018). The role of digital technologies for the service transformation of industrial companies. International Journal of Production Research, 56(6), 2116–2132.
9. Arnold, C., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K. I. (2016). How the industrial internet of things changes business models in different manufacturing industries. International Journal of Innovation Management, 20(8), 1640015.
10. Ashton, K. (2009). That Internet of Things Thing. RFID Journal.
11. Baines, T., & Lightfoot, H. W. (2014). Servitization of the manufacturing firm: Exploring the operations practices and technologies that deliver advanced services. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 34(1), 2–35.
12. Baines, T. S., Lightfoot, H. W., & Kay, J. M. (2009). Servitized manufacture: Practical challenges of delivering integrated products and services. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 223(9), 1207–1215.
13. Baines, T., Ziaee Bigdeli, A., Bustinza, O. F., Shi, V. G., Baldwin, J., & Ridgway, K. (2017). Servitization: revisiting the state-of-the-art and research priorities. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 37(2), 256–278.
14. Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management.
15. Basole, R. C., & Rouse, W. B. (2008). Complexity of service value networks: Conceptualization and empirical investigation. IBM Systems Journal, 47(1), 53–70.
16. Benitez, G. B., Ayala, N. F., & Frank, A. G. (2020). Industry 4.0 innovation ecosystems: An evolutionary perspective on value cocreation. International Journal of Production Economics, 107735.
17. Boehmer, J. H., Shukla, M., Kapletia, D., & Tiwari, M. K. (2020). The impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) on servitization: an exploration of changing supply relationships. Production Planning and Control, 31(2–3), 203–219.
18. Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Taking a systematic approach to your literature review. In Systematic approaches to a successful literature review (p. 11).
19. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2014). How Virtualization , Decentralization and Network Building Change the Manufacturing Landscape : International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering, 1(8), 37–44.
20. Brillinger, A.-S. (2018). Mapping Business Model Risk Factors. International Journal of Innovation Management, 22(5), 18400051–184000529.
21. Burt, R S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press Cambridge MA.
22. Burt, Ronald S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 345–423.
23. Bustinza, O. F., Bigdeli, A. Z., Baines, T., & Elliot, C. (2015a). Servitization and competitive advantage : The importance of organizational structure and value chain position. Research Technology Management.
24. Bustinza, O. F., Bigdeli, A. Z., Baines, T., & Elliot, C. (2015b). Servitization and competitive advantage : The importance of organizational structure and value chain position. Research Technology Management, 58(5), 53–60.
25. Cao, Y. (2021). Black sea Strategy: How Hiar Builds a platform-based ecosystem. Zhongxin.
26. Capaldo, A. (2007). Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 585–608.
27. Ceipek, R., Hautz, J., Petruzzelli, A. M., De Massis, A., & Matzler, K. (2020). A motivation and ability perspective on engagement in emerging digital technologies: The case of Internet of Things solutions. Long Range Planning.
28. Cenamor, J., Rönnberg Sjödin, D., & Parida, V. (2017). Adopting a platform approach in servitization: Leveraging the value of digitalization. International Journal of Production Economics.
29. Chen, C., & Zhao, H. (2018). Symbiosis: the evolutionary path of future enterprise organizations. Zhongxin.
30. Chen, C., & Zhu, L. (2021). Synergy and Symbiosis. China Machine Press.
31. Chen, L. (2021). COSMOPlat: Global Industrial Internet of Things Leader. Digitial Economics, 3, 74–79.
32. China Academy of Industrial Internet. (2020). A White Paper on China’s Industrial Internet of Things Economy.
33. China Industrial Internet Research Institute. (2020). The Economic Development of the Industrial Internet of Things report (2020).
34. China Industrial Technology Software Industry Alliance. (2020). White Paper of China’s Industrial Software.
35. China State Council. (2015). Issuance of the “Made in China 2025” By China State Council. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm
36. Cohen, W., M., & Levinthal, D., A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective On Learning And Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128–152.
37. Coleman, J. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
38. Cooper, H. (2010). Research synthesis and meta-analysis: A step-by-step approach (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks.
39. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications,Inc.
40. Delgosha, M. S., Hajiheydari, N., & Talafidaryani, M. (2021). Discovering IoT implications in business and management: A computational thematic analysis. Technovation, 102236–.
41. Deloitte. (2017). Unleashing Value of Industrial IoT. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/cip/deloitte-cn-cip-unleashing-value-of-industrial-iot-zh-170425.pdf
42. Deloitte. (2020). New Infrastructure Strategic Plan and Business opportunites.
43. Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660–679.
44. Dyer, J. H., Singh, H., & Hesterly, W. S. (2018). The relational view revisited: A dynamic perspective on value creation and value capture. Strategic Management Journal, 39(12), 3140–3162.
45. Eccles, R. G., & Williamson, O. E. (1987). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4), 602–605.
46. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
47. Eloranta, V., & Turunen, T. (2015). Seeking competitive advantage with service infusion: A systematic literature review. Journal of Service Management, 26(3), 394–425.
48. Gao, B., & Zhu, L. (2020). From “World Factory” to Industrial Internet Power: Creating Competitive Advantage in the Era of Intelligent Manufacturing. Reform, 6, 30–43.
49. Gebauer, H., Edvardsson, B., & Bjurko, M. (2010). The impact of service orientation in corporate culture on business performance in manufacturing companies. Journal of Service Management, 21(2), 237–259.
50. Gebauer, H., Paiola, M., & Saccani, N. (2013). Characterizing service networks for moving from products to solutions. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 31–46.
51. General Electric. (2013). Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines.
52. Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Analyzing qualitative data.In U. Flick (Ed.),The Sage qualitative research kit. Thousand Oaks.
53. Green, M. H., Davies, P., & Ng, I. C. L. (2017). Two strands of servitization: A thematic analysis of traditional and customer co-created servitization and future research directions. International Journal of Production Economics, 192, 40–53.
54. Grönroos, C. (2011). Value co-creation in service logic: A critical analysis. Marketing Theory.
55. Grönroos, C., & Voima, P. (2013). Critical service logic: Making sense of value creation and co-creation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(2), 133–150.
56. Grubic, T., & Jennions, I. (2018). Do outcome-based contracts exist? The investigation of power-by-the-hour and similar result-oriented cases. International Journal of Production Economics.
57. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29, 1645–1660.
58. Gulbrandsen, B., Jay Lambe, C., & Sandvik, K. (2017). Firm boundaries and transaction costs: The complementary role of capabilities. Journal of Business Research.
59. Håkansson, H., & Snehota, I. (1995). Developing relationships in business networks. Thompson.
60. Hansen, M. T. (1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82–111.
61. Hasselblatt, M., Huikkola, T., Kohtamäki, M., & Nickell, D. (2018). Modeling manufacturer’s capabilities for the Internet of Things. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 33(6), 822–836.
62. Hein, A., Weking, J., Schreieck, M., Wiesche, M., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2019). Value co-creation practices in business-to-business platform ecosystems. Electronic Markets, 29(3), 503–518.
63. Helfat, C. E., & Raubitschek, R. S. (2018). Dynamic and integrative capabilities for profiting from innovation in digital platform-based ecosystems. Research Policy.
64. Henneberg, S. C., Gruber, T., & Naudé, P. (2013). Services networks: Concept and research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 3–8.
65. Holmes, O. W., Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1994). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. The American Historical Review.
66. Huang, S., & Wang, Y. (2021). Analysis of Development Trend of Domestic Industrial Internet of Things Industry. China Internet, 4, 28–31.
67. Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Williams, M. D., & Raghavan, V. (2020). Perspectives on the future of manufacturing within the Industry 4.0 era. Production Planning and Control.
68. Industrial Internet Consortium. (2018). The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G8: Vocabulary.
69. Industrial Internet Consortium. (2019). The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G1: Reference Architecture version 1.9.
70. Isenberg, D. (2016). Do Startups Really Create Lots of Good Jobs ? Harvard Business Review.
71. Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C., & Gawer, A. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39, 2255–2276.
72. Kahle, J. H., Marcon, E., Ghezzi, A., & Frank, A. G. (2020). Smart Products value creation in SMEs innovation ecosystems. TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 156, 120024.
73. Kamalaldin, A., Linde, L., Sjödin, D., & Parida, V. (2020). Transforming provider-customer relationships in digital servitization: A relational view on digitalization. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 306–325.
74. Kiel, D., Arnold, C., & Voigt, K.-I. (2017). The influence of the Industrial Internet of Things on business models of established manufacturing companies – A business level perspective. Technovation, 68, 4–19.
75. Kiel, D., Müller, J. M., Arnold, C., & Voigt, K.-I. (2017). Sustainable industrial value creation: Benefits and challenges of industry 4.0. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(8), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919617400151
76. Kogut, B. (2000). The network as knowledge: Generative rules and the emergence of structure. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 405–425. 5
77. Kohtamäki, M., Parida, V., Patel, P. C., & Gebauer, H. (2020). The relationship between digitalization and servitization: The role of servitization in capturing the financial potential of digitalization. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119804.
78. Kohtamäki, Marko, Henneberg, S. C., Martinez, V., Kimita, K., & Gebauer, H. (2019). A configurational approach to servitization: Review and research directions. Service Science.
79. Kohtamäki, Marko, Parida, V., Oghazi, P., Gebauer, H., & Baines, T. (2019). Digital servitization business models in ecosystems: A theory of the firm. Journal of Business Research.
80. Kohtamäki, Marko, Partanen, J., & Möller, K. (2013). Making a profit with R&D services - The critical role of relational capital. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 71–81.
81. Kohtamäki, Marko, Partanen, J., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2013). Non-linear relationship between industrial service offering and sales growth: The moderating role of network capabilities. Industrial Marketing Management.
82. Kohtamäki, Marko, & Rajala, R. (2016). Theory and practice of value co-creation in B2B systems. In Industrial Marketing Management.
83. Kowalkowski, C., Witell, L., & Gustafsson, A. (2013). Any way goes: Identifying value constellations for service infusion in SMEs. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 18–30.
84. Kraaijenbrink, J., Spender, J. C., & Groen, A. J. (2010). The Resource-based view: A review and assessment of its critiques. Journal of Management, 36(1), 349–372.
85. Kristoffersen, E., Blomsma, F., Mikalef, P., & Li, J. (2020). The smart circular economy: A digital-enabled circular strategies framework for manufacturing companies. Journal of Business Research, 120, 241–261.
86. Lavie, D. (2006). The competitive advantage of interconnected firms: An extension of the resource-based view. In Academy of Management Review.
87. Lee, I., & Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises. Business Horizons.
88. Lee, J. (1998). Teleservice engineering in manufacturing: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 38(8), 901–910.
89. Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M., Wendelin, R., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Industrial internet of things business models in the machine-to-machine context. Industrial Marketing Management, 84, 298–311.
90. Leminen, Seppo, Rajahonka, M., Westerlund, M., & Wendelin, R. (2018). The future of the Internet of Things: toward heterarchical ecosystems and service business models. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing.
91. Lenka, S., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2017). Digitalization Capabilities as Enablers of Value Co-Creation in Servitizing Firms. Psychology and Marketing, 34(1), 92–100.
92. Li, C. Z., Chen, Z., Xue, F., Kong, X. T. R., Xiao, B., Lai, X., & Zhao, Y. (2021). A blockchain- and IoT-based smart product-service system for the sustainability of prefabricated housing construction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286.
93. Lin, S.-W., Murphy, B., Clauser, E., Loewen, U., Neubert, R., Bachmann, G., Pai, M., & Hankel, M. (2017). Architecture Alignment and Interoperability. Plattform Industrie 4.0.
94. Loury, G. C. (1977). The dynamic theory of racial income differences. In Women, minorities, and employment discrimination.
95. Lu, F. (2020). Industrial Internet of Things development Needs to Solve Five Key Issues. Cybersecurity & Informatization, 7, 26–27.
96. Lusch, R. F., & Nambisan, S. (2015). Service innovation: A service-dominant logic perspective. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 39(1), 155–175.
97. Lv, W., Chen, J., & Liu, J. (2019). Intelligent Manufacturing and Global Value Chain Upgrading: A Case Study of Haier Cosmoplat. Science Ｒesearch Management, 40(4), 145–156.
98. Ma, N., Yao, X., & Wang, K. (2022). Current status and prospect of future internet-oriented wisdom manufacturing. SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica, 52(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1360/SST-2021-0232
99. Matthyssens, P. (2019). Reconceptualizing value innovation for Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & INDUSTRIAL MARKETING, 34(6), 1203–1209.
100. Mi, L. (2021). Ranking of China’s Industrial Software Companies in 2020. China Internet Week, 8, 30–32.
101. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Thousand Oaks.
102. Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1990). Rationalizability, Learning, and Equilibrium in Games with Strategic Complementarities. Econometrica, 58(6), 1255–1277.
103. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.
104. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2016). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Humana y Dietetica.
105. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.
106. Naik, P., Schroeder, A., Kapoor, K. K., Ziaee Bigdeli, A., & Baines, T. (2020). Behind the scenes of digital servitization: Actualising IoT-enabled affordances. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 232–244.
107. National Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Reports on China’s economic and social development in the past 40 years of reform and opening up. http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/ztfx/ggkf40n/201808/t20180829_1619600.html
108. Neely, A., Benedettini, O., & Visnjic, I. (2011). The servitization of manufacturing: Further evidence. 18th European Operations Management Association Conference.
109. Neely, Andy. (2008). Exploring the financial consequences of the servitization of manufacturing. Operations Management Research, 1(2), 103–118.
110. Nelson, S. A., & Metaxatos, P. (2016). The Internet of Things Needs Design , Not Just Technology. In Harvard Business Review.
111. Neuhüttler, J, Ganz, W., & Spath, D. (2019). An integrative quality framework for developing industrial smart services. Service Science, 11(3), 157–171.
112. Neuhüttler, Jens, Woyke, I. C., & Ganz, W. (2018). Applying value proposition design for developing smart service business models in manufacturing firms. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 103–114.
113. Ng, I., & Briscoe, G. (2012). Value, Variety and Viability: New Business Models for Co-Creation in Outcome-based Contracts. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology.
114. Oliva, R., & Kallenberg, R. (2003). Managing the transition from products to services. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(2), 160–172.
115. Parida, V., Sjödin, D. R., Lenka, S., & Wincent, J. (2015). Developing global service innovation capabilities :How global manufacturers address the challenges of market heterogeneity. Research Technology Management.
116. Parida, V., Sjödin, D., & Reim, W. (2019). Reviewing literature on digitalization, business model innovation, and sustainable industry: Past achievements and future promises. Sustainability, 11(2).
117. Parris, C. (2022). What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)? General Electric. https://www.ge.com/digital/blog/what-industrial-internet-things-iiot
118. Parry, G. C., Brax, S. A., Maull, R. S., & Ng, I. C. L. (2016). Operationalising IoT for reverse supply: the development of use-visibility measures. Supply Chain Management, 21(2), 228–244.
119. Paschou, T., Rapaccini, M., Adrodegari, F., & Saccani, N. (2020). Digital servitization in manufacturing: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 278–292.
120. Pawar, K. S., Beltagui, A., & Riedel, J. C. K. H. (2009). The PSO triangle: Designing product, service and organisation to create value. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 29(5), 468–493.
121. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors : with a New Introduction. In The Free Press.
122. Porter, M. E. (1985). Technology and Competitive Advantage. In Journal of Business Strategy.
123. Porter, M. E., & Heppelmann, J. E. (2014). How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition.(Spotlight On Managing The Internet Of Things). Harvard Business Review.
124. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78.
125. Qi, J., Wang, W., Chen, M., Xu, B., & Dong, Z. (2022). Concept, architecture and key technologies of industrial internet. Chinese Journal on Internet of Things, 6(2), 38–49.
126. Qu, K. (2020). Take the “new infrastructure” of Industrial Internet of Things as an Opportunity to Break Through the Problem of Industrial Software. China Economic & Trade Herald, 15, 44–47.
127. Ren, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Sakao, T., Huisingh, D., & Almeida, C. M. V. B. (2019). A comprehensive review of big data analytics throughout product lifecycle to support sustainable smart manufacturing: A framework, challenges and future research directions. Journal of Cleaner Production.
128. Rossman, G., & Rallis, S. F. (2012). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks.
129. Rudnick, M., Riezebos, J., Powell, D. J., & Hauptvogel, A. (2020). Effective after-sales services through the lean servitization canvas. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma.
130. Rymaszewska, A., Helo, P., & Gunasekaran, A. (2017). IoT powered servitization of manufacturing – an exploratory case study. International Journal of Production Economics, 192, 92–105.
131. Saldaña, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. In Sage.
132. Sayar, D., & Er, Ö. (2018). The antecedents of successful IoT service and system design: Cases from the manufacturing industry. International Journal of Design, 12(1), 67–78.
133. Schroeder, A., Ziaee Bigdeli, A., Galera Zarco, C., & Baines, T. (2019). Capturing the benefits of industry 4.0: a business network perspective. Production Planning and Control, 30(16), 1305–1321.
134. Seawnght, J., & Gerring, J. (2008). Case selection techniques in case study research: A menu of qualitative and quantitative options. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 294–308.
135. Shan, W., Walker, G., & Kogut, B. (1994). Interfirm cooperation and startup innovation in the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 387–394.
136. Sisinni, E., Saifullah, A., Han, S., Jennehag, U., & Gidlund, M. (2018). Industrial internet of things: Challenges, opportunities, and directions. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 14(11), 4724–4734.
137. Sjödin, D., Parida, V., Kohtamäki, M., & Wincent, J. (2020). An agile co-creation process for digital servitization: A micro-service innovation approach. Journal of Business Research, 112, 478–491.
138. Sjödin, David, Parida, V., & Kohtamäki, M. (2019). Relational governance strategies for advanced service provision: Multiple paths to superior financial performance in servitization. Journal of Business Research.
139. Sjödin, David, Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2016). Value co-creation process of integrated product-services: Effect of role ambiguities and relational coping strategies. Industrial Marketing Management.
140. Sklyar, A., Kowalkowski, C., Tronvoll, B., & Sörhammar, D. (2019). Organizing for digital servitization: A service ecosystem perspective. Journal of Business Research.
141. Spring, M, & Araujo, L. (2017). Product biographies in servitization and the circular economy. Industrial Marketing Management, 60, 126–137.
142. Spring, Martin, & Araujo, L. (2013). Beyond the service factory: Service innovation in manufacturing supply networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 59–70.
143. Sun, C., & Wei, J. (2019). Digging deep into the enterprise innovation ecosystem: How do enterprises build and coordinate innovation ecosystem at firm level. Chinese Management Studies, 13(4), 820–839.
144. Tao, Y., Jiang, X., Liu, M., Liu, J., & Zhao, G. (2020). A Preliminary Study on the Integration of Intelligent Manufacturing and Industrial Internet. Strategic Study of CAE, 4, 24–33.
145. Teece, D. J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 15(6), 285–305.
146. Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350.
147. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal.
148. The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan. (2021). Xinhua News. http://www.china-cer.com.cn/guwen/2021030611615.html
149. the State Council. (2015). Made in China 2025. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm
150. Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222.
151. Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464–476.
152. Tsujimoto, M., Kajikawa, Y., Tomita, J., & Matsumoto, Y. (2018). A review of the ecosystem concept — Towards coherent ecosystem design. Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
153. Ulaga, W., & Reinartz, W. J. (2011). Hybrid offerings: How manufacturing firms combine goods and services successfully. Journal of Marketing, 75(6), 5–23.
154. Van Bockhaven, W., & Matthyssens, P. (2017). Mobilizing a network to develop a field: Enriching the business actor’s mobilization analysis toolkit. Industrial Marketing Management, 75(6), 5–23.
155. Vandermerwe, S., & Rada, J. (1988). Servitization of business: Adding value by adding services. European Management Journal, 6(4), 314–324.
156. Vargo, S. L. (2008). Customer integration and value creation: Paradigmatic traps and perspectives. Journal of Service Research, 11(2), 211–215.
157. Veile, J. W., Kiel, D., Müller, J. M., & Voigt, K.-I. (2019). Lessons learned from Industry 4.0 implementation in the German manufacturing industry. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management.
158. Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N., & Frohlich, M. (2002). Case research in operations management. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(2), 195–219.
159. Wang, K., Peng, B., & Jiang, Z. (2018). Roles of New Generation of ICT in Servitization of Equipment Manufacturing：a Case Study Based on Four Chinese Companies. China Mechanical Engineering, 29(18), 2259–2267.
160. Weking, J., Stöcker, M., Kowalkiewicz, M., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2020). Leveraging industry 4.0 – A business model pattern framework. International Journal of Production Economics, 225.
161. Wu, C., Chen, T., Li, Z., & Liu, W. (2021). A function-oriented optimising approach for smart product service systems at the conceptual design stage: A perspective from the digital twin framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297.
162. Wu, H., Chen, Z., & We, K. (2019). Industrial Internet platform Leads the Transformation and Upgrading of manufacturing industry: Based on the Exploratory Case Study of Haier Cosmoplat. Modern Management Science, 10, 21–24.
163. Wuenderlich, N. V., Heinonen, K., Ostrom, A. L., Patricio, L., Sousa, R., Voss, C., & Lemmink, J. G. A. M. (2015). “Futurizing” smart service: implications for service researchers and managers. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(6/7), 442–447.
164. Xu, X. (2020). China’s new infrastructure. People’s Publishing.
165. Yao, X. (2021). The Challenge and Prospect of China’s Industrial Software Development. AI-View, 2, 118–121.
166. Yin, R. K. (2013). Applications of case study research. Applied Social Research Methods Series.
167. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
168. Zhao, M. (2018). Six Supporting Elements of Industrial Internet of Things Platform: Interpretation of “White Paper of Industrial Internet Platform.” China Mechanical Engineering, 8, 1000–1007.
169. Zhou, G., Wang, X., & Sun, J. (2020). The Growth and Evolution Mechanism of Industrial Internet Platform Enterprises: Double Case Study in the Perspective of Interactive Empowerment. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 37(24), 108–115.
2. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. In Academy of Management Review.
3. Adner, R. (2006). Match your innovation strategy to your innovation ecosystem. Harvard Business Review, 84(4), 98–107.
4. Adner, R. (2017). Ecosystem as Structure: An Actionable Construct for Strategy. Journal of Management, 43(1), 39–58.
5. Adrodegari, F., & Saccani, N. (2017). Business models for the service transformation of industrial firms. Service Industries Journal, 37(1), 57–83.
6. Alliance of Industrial Internet. (2020). Industrial Internet system framework version 2.0.
7. Anke, J. (2019). Design-integrated financial assessment of smart services. Electronic Markets, 29(1), 19–35.
8. Ardolino, M., Rapaccini, M., Saccani, N., Gaiardelli, P., Crespi, G., & Ruggeri, C. (2018). The role of digital technologies for the service transformation of industrial companies. International Journal of Production Research, 56(6), 2116–2132.
9. Arnold, C., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K. I. (2016). How the industrial internet of things changes business models in different manufacturing industries. International Journal of Innovation Management, 20(8), 1640015.
10. Ashton, K. (2009). That Internet of Things Thing. RFID Journal.
11. Baines, T., & Lightfoot, H. W. (2014). Servitization of the manufacturing firm: Exploring the operations practices and technologies that deliver advanced services. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 34(1), 2–35.
12. Baines, T. S., Lightfoot, H. W., & Kay, J. M. (2009). Servitized manufacture: Practical challenges of delivering integrated products and services. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 223(9), 1207–1215.
13. Baines, T., Ziaee Bigdeli, A., Bustinza, O. F., Shi, V. G., Baldwin, J., & Ridgway, K. (2017). Servitization: revisiting the state-of-the-art and research priorities. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 37(2), 256–278.
14. Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management.
15. Basole, R. C., & Rouse, W. B. (2008). Complexity of service value networks: Conceptualization and empirical investigation. IBM Systems Journal, 47(1), 53–70.
16. Benitez, G. B., Ayala, N. F., & Frank, A. G. (2020). Industry 4.0 innovation ecosystems: An evolutionary perspective on value cocreation. International Journal of Production Economics, 107735.
17. Boehmer, J. H., Shukla, M., Kapletia, D., & Tiwari, M. K. (2020). The impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) on servitization: an exploration of changing supply relationships. Production Planning and Control, 31(2–3), 203–219.
18. Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Taking a systematic approach to your literature review. In Systematic approaches to a successful literature review (p. 11).
19. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., & Rosenberg, M. (2014). How Virtualization , Decentralization and Network Building Change the Manufacturing Landscape : International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering, 1(8), 37–44.
20. Brillinger, A.-S. (2018). Mapping Business Model Risk Factors. International Journal of Innovation Management, 22(5), 18400051–184000529.
21. Burt, R S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press Cambridge MA.
22. Burt, Ronald S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in Organizational Behavior, 22, 345–423.
23. Bustinza, O. F., Bigdeli, A. Z., Baines, T., & Elliot, C. (2015a). Servitization and competitive advantage : The importance of organizational structure and value chain position. Research Technology Management.
24. Bustinza, O. F., Bigdeli, A. Z., Baines, T., & Elliot, C. (2015b). Servitization and competitive advantage : The importance of organizational structure and value chain position. Research Technology Management, 58(5), 53–60.
25. Cao, Y. (2021). Black sea Strategy: How Hiar Builds a platform-based ecosystem. Zhongxin.
26. Capaldo, A. (2007). Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 585–608.
27. Ceipek, R., Hautz, J., Petruzzelli, A. M., De Massis, A., & Matzler, K. (2020). A motivation and ability perspective on engagement in emerging digital technologies: The case of Internet of Things solutions. Long Range Planning.
28. Cenamor, J., Rönnberg Sjödin, D., & Parida, V. (2017). Adopting a platform approach in servitization: Leveraging the value of digitalization. International Journal of Production Economics.
29. Chen, C., & Zhao, H. (2018). Symbiosis: the evolutionary path of future enterprise organizations. Zhongxin.
30. Chen, C., & Zhu, L. (2021). Synergy and Symbiosis. China Machine Press.
31. Chen, L. (2021). COSMOPlat: Global Industrial Internet of Things Leader. Digitial Economics, 3, 74–79.
32. China Academy of Industrial Internet. (2020). A White Paper on China’s Industrial Internet of Things Economy.
33. China Industrial Internet Research Institute. (2020). The Economic Development of the Industrial Internet of Things report (2020).
34. China Industrial Technology Software Industry Alliance. (2020). White Paper of China’s Industrial Software.
35. China State Council. (2015). Issuance of the “Made in China 2025” By China State Council. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm
36. Cohen, W., M., & Levinthal, D., A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective On Learning And Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 128–152.
37. Coleman, J. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
38. Cooper, H. (2010). Research synthesis and meta-analysis: A step-by-step approach (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks.
39. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications,Inc.
40. Delgosha, M. S., Hajiheydari, N., & Talafidaryani, M. (2021). Discovering IoT implications in business and management: A computational thematic analysis. Technovation, 102236–.
41. Deloitte. (2017). Unleashing Value of Industrial IoT. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/cip/deloitte-cn-cip-unleashing-value-of-industrial-iot-zh-170425.pdf
42. Deloitte. (2020). New Infrastructure Strategic Plan and Business opportunites.
43. Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660–679.
44. Dyer, J. H., Singh, H., & Hesterly, W. S. (2018). The relational view revisited: A dynamic perspective on value creation and value capture. Strategic Management Journal, 39(12), 3140–3162.
45. Eccles, R. G., & Williamson, O. E. (1987). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4), 602–605.
46. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
47. Eloranta, V., & Turunen, T. (2015). Seeking competitive advantage with service infusion: A systematic literature review. Journal of Service Management, 26(3), 394–425.
48. Gao, B., & Zhu, L. (2020). From “World Factory” to Industrial Internet Power: Creating Competitive Advantage in the Era of Intelligent Manufacturing. Reform, 6, 30–43.
49. Gebauer, H., Edvardsson, B., & Bjurko, M. (2010). The impact of service orientation in corporate culture on business performance in manufacturing companies. Journal of Service Management, 21(2), 237–259.
50. Gebauer, H., Paiola, M., & Saccani, N. (2013). Characterizing service networks for moving from products to solutions. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 31–46.
51. General Electric. (2013). Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines.
52. Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Analyzing qualitative data.In U. Flick (Ed.),The Sage qualitative research kit. Thousand Oaks.
53. Green, M. H., Davies, P., & Ng, I. C. L. (2017). Two strands of servitization: A thematic analysis of traditional and customer co-created servitization and future research directions. International Journal of Production Economics, 192, 40–53.
54. Grönroos, C. (2011). Value co-creation in service logic: A critical analysis. Marketing Theory.
55. Grönroos, C., & Voima, P. (2013). Critical service logic: Making sense of value creation and co-creation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(2), 133–150.
56. Grubic, T., & Jennions, I. (2018). Do outcome-based contracts exist? The investigation of power-by-the-hour and similar result-oriented cases. International Journal of Production Economics.
57. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29, 1645–1660.
58. Gulbrandsen, B., Jay Lambe, C., & Sandvik, K. (2017). Firm boundaries and transaction costs: The complementary role of capabilities. Journal of Business Research.
59. Håkansson, H., & Snehota, I. (1995). Developing relationships in business networks. Thompson.
60. Hansen, M. T. (1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82–111.
61. Hasselblatt, M., Huikkola, T., Kohtamäki, M., & Nickell, D. (2018). Modeling manufacturer’s capabilities for the Internet of Things. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 33(6), 822–836.
62. Hein, A., Weking, J., Schreieck, M., Wiesche, M., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2019). Value co-creation practices in business-to-business platform ecosystems. Electronic Markets, 29(3), 503–518.
63. Helfat, C. E., & Raubitschek, R. S. (2018). Dynamic and integrative capabilities for profiting from innovation in digital platform-based ecosystems. Research Policy.
64. Henneberg, S. C., Gruber, T., & Naudé, P. (2013). Services networks: Concept and research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 3–8.
65. Holmes, O. W., Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1994). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. The American Historical Review.
66. Huang, S., & Wang, Y. (2021). Analysis of Development Trend of Domestic Industrial Internet of Things Industry. China Internet, 4, 28–31.
67. Hughes, L., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Williams, M. D., & Raghavan, V. (2020). Perspectives on the future of manufacturing within the Industry 4.0 era. Production Planning and Control.
68. Industrial Internet Consortium. (2018). The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G8: Vocabulary.
69. Industrial Internet Consortium. (2019). The Industrial Internet of Things Volume G1: Reference Architecture version 1.9.
70. Isenberg, D. (2016). Do Startups Really Create Lots of Good Jobs ? Harvard Business Review.
71. Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C., & Gawer, A. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39, 2255–2276.
72. Kahle, J. H., Marcon, E., Ghezzi, A., & Frank, A. G. (2020). Smart Products value creation in SMEs innovation ecosystems. TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 156, 120024.
73. Kamalaldin, A., Linde, L., Sjödin, D., & Parida, V. (2020). Transforming provider-customer relationships in digital servitization: A relational view on digitalization. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 306–325.
74. Kiel, D., Arnold, C., & Voigt, K.-I. (2017). The influence of the Industrial Internet of Things on business models of established manufacturing companies – A business level perspective. Technovation, 68, 4–19.
75. Kiel, D., Müller, J. M., Arnold, C., & Voigt, K.-I. (2017). Sustainable industrial value creation: Benefits and challenges of industry 4.0. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(8), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919617400151
76. Kogut, B. (2000). The network as knowledge: Generative rules and the emergence of structure. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 405–425. 5
77. Kohtamäki, M., Parida, V., Patel, P. C., & Gebauer, H. (2020). The relationship between digitalization and servitization: The role of servitization in capturing the financial potential of digitalization. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119804.
78. Kohtamäki, Marko, Henneberg, S. C., Martinez, V., Kimita, K., & Gebauer, H. (2019). A configurational approach to servitization: Review and research directions. Service Science.
79. Kohtamäki, Marko, Parida, V., Oghazi, P., Gebauer, H., & Baines, T. (2019). Digital servitization business models in ecosystems: A theory of the firm. Journal of Business Research.
80. Kohtamäki, Marko, Partanen, J., & Möller, K. (2013). Making a profit with R&D services - The critical role of relational capital. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 71–81.
81. Kohtamäki, Marko, Partanen, J., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2013). Non-linear relationship between industrial service offering and sales growth: The moderating role of network capabilities. Industrial Marketing Management.
82. Kohtamäki, Marko, & Rajala, R. (2016). Theory and practice of value co-creation in B2B systems. In Industrial Marketing Management.
83. Kowalkowski, C., Witell, L., & Gustafsson, A. (2013). Any way goes: Identifying value constellations for service infusion in SMEs. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 18–30.
84. Kraaijenbrink, J., Spender, J. C., & Groen, A. J. (2010). The Resource-based view: A review and assessment of its critiques. Journal of Management, 36(1), 349–372.
85. Kristoffersen, E., Blomsma, F., Mikalef, P., & Li, J. (2020). The smart circular economy: A digital-enabled circular strategies framework for manufacturing companies. Journal of Business Research, 120, 241–261.
86. Lavie, D. (2006). The competitive advantage of interconnected firms: An extension of the resource-based view. In Academy of Management Review.
87. Lee, I., & Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises. Business Horizons.
88. Lee, J. (1998). Teleservice engineering in manufacturing: Challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 38(8), 901–910.
89. Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M., Wendelin, R., & Westerlund, M. (2020). Industrial internet of things business models in the machine-to-machine context. Industrial Marketing Management, 84, 298–311.
90. Leminen, Seppo, Rajahonka, M., Westerlund, M., & Wendelin, R. (2018). The future of the Internet of Things: toward heterarchical ecosystems and service business models. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing.
91. Lenka, S., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2017). Digitalization Capabilities as Enablers of Value Co-Creation in Servitizing Firms. Psychology and Marketing, 34(1), 92–100.
92. Li, C. Z., Chen, Z., Xue, F., Kong, X. T. R., Xiao, B., Lai, X., & Zhao, Y. (2021). A blockchain- and IoT-based smart product-service system for the sustainability of prefabricated housing construction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286.
93. Lin, S.-W., Murphy, B., Clauser, E., Loewen, U., Neubert, R., Bachmann, G., Pai, M., & Hankel, M. (2017). Architecture Alignment and Interoperability. Plattform Industrie 4.0.
94. Loury, G. C. (1977). The dynamic theory of racial income differences. In Women, minorities, and employment discrimination.
95. Lu, F. (2020). Industrial Internet of Things development Needs to Solve Five Key Issues. Cybersecurity & Informatization, 7, 26–27.
96. Lusch, R. F., & Nambisan, S. (2015). Service innovation: A service-dominant logic perspective. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 39(1), 155–175.
97. Lv, W., Chen, J., & Liu, J. (2019). Intelligent Manufacturing and Global Value Chain Upgrading: A Case Study of Haier Cosmoplat. Science Ｒesearch Management, 40(4), 145–156.
98. Ma, N., Yao, X., & Wang, K. (2022). Current status and prospect of future internet-oriented wisdom manufacturing. SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica, 52(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1360/SST-2021-0232
99. Matthyssens, P. (2019). Reconceptualizing value innovation for Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & INDUSTRIAL MARKETING, 34(6), 1203–1209.
100. Mi, L. (2021). Ranking of China’s Industrial Software Companies in 2020. China Internet Week, 8, 30–32.
101. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. Thousand Oaks.
102. Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1990). Rationalizability, Learning, and Equilibrium in Games with Strategic Complementarities. Econometrica, 58(6), 1255–1277.
103. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.
104. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2016). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Humana y Dietetica.
105. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.
106. Naik, P., Schroeder, A., Kapoor, K. K., Ziaee Bigdeli, A., & Baines, T. (2020). Behind the scenes of digital servitization: Actualising IoT-enabled affordances. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 232–244.
107. National Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Reports on China’s economic and social development in the past 40 years of reform and opening up. http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/ztfx/ggkf40n/201808/t20180829_1619600.html
108. Neely, A., Benedettini, O., & Visnjic, I. (2011). The servitization of manufacturing: Further evidence. 18th European Operations Management Association Conference.
109. Neely, Andy. (2008). Exploring the financial consequences of the servitization of manufacturing. Operations Management Research, 1(2), 103–118.
110. Nelson, S. A., & Metaxatos, P. (2016). The Internet of Things Needs Design , Not Just Technology. In Harvard Business Review.
111. Neuhüttler, J, Ganz, W., & Spath, D. (2019). An integrative quality framework for developing industrial smart services. Service Science, 11(3), 157–171.
112. Neuhüttler, Jens, Woyke, I. C., & Ganz, W. (2018). Applying value proposition design for developing smart service business models in manufacturing firms. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 103–114.
113. Ng, I., & Briscoe, G. (2012). Value, Variety and Viability: New Business Models for Co-Creation in Outcome-based Contracts. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology.
114. Oliva, R., & Kallenberg, R. (2003). Managing the transition from products to services. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(2), 160–172.
115. Parida, V., Sjödin, D. R., Lenka, S., & Wincent, J. (2015). Developing global service innovation capabilities :How global manufacturers address the challenges of market heterogeneity. Research Technology Management.
116. Parida, V., Sjödin, D., & Reim, W. (2019). Reviewing literature on digitalization, business model innovation, and sustainable industry: Past achievements and future promises. Sustainability, 11(2).
117. Parris, C. (2022). What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)? General Electric. https://www.ge.com/digital/blog/what-industrial-internet-things-iiot
118. Parry, G. C., Brax, S. A., Maull, R. S., & Ng, I. C. L. (2016). Operationalising IoT for reverse supply: the development of use-visibility measures. Supply Chain Management, 21(2), 228–244.
119. Paschou, T., Rapaccini, M., Adrodegari, F., & Saccani, N. (2020). Digital servitization in manufacturing: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 278–292.
120. Pawar, K. S., Beltagui, A., & Riedel, J. C. K. H. (2009). The PSO triangle: Designing product, service and organisation to create value. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 29(5), 468–493.
121. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors : with a New Introduction. In The Free Press.
122. Porter, M. E. (1985). Technology and Competitive Advantage. In Journal of Business Strategy.
123. Porter, M. E., & Heppelmann, J. E. (2014). How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition.(Spotlight On Managing The Internet Of Things). Harvard Business Review.
124. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78.
125. Qi, J., Wang, W., Chen, M., Xu, B., & Dong, Z. (2022). Concept, architecture and key technologies of industrial internet. Chinese Journal on Internet of Things, 6(2), 38–49.
126. Qu, K. (2020). Take the “new infrastructure” of Industrial Internet of Things as an Opportunity to Break Through the Problem of Industrial Software. China Economic & Trade Herald, 15, 44–47.
127. Ren, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Sakao, T., Huisingh, D., & Almeida, C. M. V. B. (2019). A comprehensive review of big data analytics throughout product lifecycle to support sustainable smart manufacturing: A framework, challenges and future research directions. Journal of Cleaner Production.
128. Rossman, G., & Rallis, S. F. (2012). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks.
129. Rudnick, M., Riezebos, J., Powell, D. J., & Hauptvogel, A. (2020). Effective after-sales services through the lean servitization canvas. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma.
130. Rymaszewska, A., Helo, P., & Gunasekaran, A. (2017). IoT powered servitization of manufacturing – an exploratory case study. International Journal of Production Economics, 192, 92–105.
131. Saldaña, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. In Sage.
132. Sayar, D., & Er, Ö. (2018). The antecedents of successful IoT service and system design: Cases from the manufacturing industry. International Journal of Design, 12(1), 67–78.
133. Schroeder, A., Ziaee Bigdeli, A., Galera Zarco, C., & Baines, T. (2019). Capturing the benefits of industry 4.0: a business network perspective. Production Planning and Control, 30(16), 1305–1321.
134. Seawnght, J., & Gerring, J. (2008). Case selection techniques in case study research: A menu of qualitative and quantitative options. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 294–308.
135. Shan, W., Walker, G., & Kogut, B. (1994). Interfirm cooperation and startup innovation in the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 387–394.
136. Sisinni, E., Saifullah, A., Han, S., Jennehag, U., & Gidlund, M. (2018). Industrial internet of things: Challenges, opportunities, and directions. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 14(11), 4724–4734.
137. Sjödin, D., Parida, V., Kohtamäki, M., & Wincent, J. (2020). An agile co-creation process for digital servitization: A micro-service innovation approach. Journal of Business Research, 112, 478–491.
138. Sjödin, David, Parida, V., & Kohtamäki, M. (2019). Relational governance strategies for advanced service provision: Multiple paths to superior financial performance in servitization. Journal of Business Research.
139. Sjödin, David, Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2016). Value co-creation process of integrated product-services: Effect of role ambiguities and relational coping strategies. Industrial Marketing Management.
140. Sklyar, A., Kowalkowski, C., Tronvoll, B., & Sörhammar, D. (2019). Organizing for digital servitization: A service ecosystem perspective. Journal of Business Research.
141. Spring, M, & Araujo, L. (2017). Product biographies in servitization and the circular economy. Industrial Marketing Management, 60, 126–137.
142. Spring, Martin, & Araujo, L. (2013). Beyond the service factory: Service innovation in manufacturing supply networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 42, 59–70.
143. Sun, C., & Wei, J. (2019). Digging deep into the enterprise innovation ecosystem: How do enterprises build and coordinate innovation ecosystem at firm level. Chinese Management Studies, 13(4), 820–839.
144. Tao, Y., Jiang, X., Liu, M., Liu, J., & Zhao, G. (2020). A Preliminary Study on the Integration of Intelligent Manufacturing and Industrial Internet. Strategic Study of CAE, 4, 24–33.
145. Teece, D. J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 15(6), 285–305.
146. Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1319–1350.
147. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal.
148. The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan. (2021). Xinhua News. http://www.china-cer.com.cn/guwen/2021030611615.html
149. the State Council. (2015). Made in China 2025. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm
150. Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222.
151. Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464–476.
152. Tsujimoto, M., Kajikawa, Y., Tomita, J., & Matsumoto, Y. (2018). A review of the ecosystem concept — Towards coherent ecosystem design. Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
153. Ulaga, W., & Reinartz, W. J. (2011). Hybrid offerings: How manufacturing firms combine goods and services successfully. Journal of Marketing, 75(6), 5–23.
154. Van Bockhaven, W., & Matthyssens, P. (2017). Mobilizing a network to develop a field: Enriching the business actor’s mobilization analysis toolkit. Industrial Marketing Management, 75(6), 5–23.
155. Vandermerwe, S., & Rada, J. (1988). Servitization of business: Adding value by adding services. European Management Journal, 6(4), 314–324.
156. Vargo, S. L. (2008). Customer integration and value creation: Paradigmatic traps and perspectives. Journal of Service Research, 11(2), 211–215.
157. Veile, J. W., Kiel, D., Müller, J. M., & Voigt, K.-I. (2019). Lessons learned from Industry 4.0 implementation in the German manufacturing industry. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management.
158. Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N., & Frohlich, M. (2002). Case research in operations management. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(2), 195–219.
159. Wang, K., Peng, B., & Jiang, Z. (2018). Roles of New Generation of ICT in Servitization of Equipment Manufacturing：a Case Study Based on Four Chinese Companies. China Mechanical Engineering, 29(18), 2259–2267.
160. Weking, J., Stöcker, M., Kowalkiewicz, M., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2020). Leveraging industry 4.0 – A business model pattern framework. International Journal of Production Economics, 225.
161. Wu, C., Chen, T., Li, Z., & Liu, W. (2021). A function-oriented optimising approach for smart product service systems at the conceptual design stage: A perspective from the digital twin framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297.
162. Wu, H., Chen, Z., & We, K. (2019). Industrial Internet platform Leads the Transformation and Upgrading of manufacturing industry: Based on the Exploratory Case Study of Haier Cosmoplat. Modern Management Science, 10, 21–24.
163. Wuenderlich, N. V., Heinonen, K., Ostrom, A. L., Patricio, L., Sousa, R., Voss, C., & Lemmink, J. G. A. M. (2015). “Futurizing” smart service: implications for service researchers and managers. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(6/7), 442–447.
164. Xu, X. (2020). China’s new infrastructure. People’s Publishing.
165. Yao, X. (2021). The Challenge and Prospect of China’s Industrial Software Development. AI-View, 2, 118–121.
166. Yin, R. K. (2013). Applications of case study research. Applied Social Research Methods Series.
167. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
168. Zhao, M. (2018). Six Supporting Elements of Industrial Internet of Things Platform: Interpretation of “White Paper of Industrial Internet Platform.” China Mechanical Engineering, 8, 1000–1007.
169. Zhou, G., Wang, X., & Sun, J. (2020). The Growth and Evolution Mechanism of Industrial Internet Platform Enterprises: Double Case Study in the Perspective of Interactive Empowerment. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 37(24), 108–115.
