本校學位論文庫
CITYU Theses & Dissertations
論文詳情
龙晓昱
柳嘉信
葡語國家研究院
葡語國家研究碩士學位課程(中文學制)
碩士
2023
巴西歷史城市文化形象建構 : 關於巴伊亞薩爾瓦多的實證研究
The Cultural Images Construction in Brazilian Historical City : An Empirical Study of Salvador de Bahia
旅遊目的地形象 ; 城市形象 ; 旅遊凝視 ; 巴西 ; 文化遺產
Destination Image ; City Image ; Tourists Gaze; Brazil; Cultural Heritage
巴伊亞薩爾瓦多作為巴西文化的源頭，其上城區的歷史中心是聯合國教科文組織認定的世界文化遺產。近年來，當地政府為了提升城市吸引力採取了一系列舉措，但效果欠佳。互聯網迅速發展為旅遊目的地形象研究來源拓展了新的渠道。據此本研究從旅遊凝視理論出發，利用旅遊目的地形象的“認知形象-情感形象-整體形象”三維框架，通過定量內容分析結合紮根編碼的研究方法，以巴伊亞薩爾瓦多官方目的地營銷組織和政府機構官網內容為目的地投射形象來源，“貓途鷹”上的遊客生成內容為目的地感知形象來源，對比官方投射的城市文化形象和遊客感知的城市文化形象差異，探索巴伊亞薩爾瓦多城市文化形象特質，為投射主體適應目的地營銷和推廣，優化城市文化形象建構提出建議。 研究發現，巴伊亞薩爾瓦多城市文化形象是由認知形象-情感形象-整體形象構成的復合形象。其中，投射形象和感知形象存在一定偏差，主要表現在：對具體旅遊活動投射-感知供需不協調，對基礎設施建設、景區管理維護、社會治安認知的錯位。產生差異的原因主客雙向凝視下的三級凝視偏差，包括主體立場差異、主體間資訊接受和解讀差異、主體間資訊反饋偏差。據此，從城市基礎設施建設以及城市文化形象深入挖掘和傳播角度提出相應建議，以期為巴伊亞薩爾瓦多城市文化形象建構和遺產旅遊高質量發展提供參考。
As the birthplace of Brazilian culture, The Historic Center of the Upper City of Salvador de Bahia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In recent years, the local government has taken several initiatives to increase the tourism attractiveness of the destination, but the effect is not satisfactory. The rapid development of the Internet has expanded the sources of information for tourism destination image research. Based on this, this study adopts the tourist gaze theory and uses the three-dimensional framework of destination image “cognitive image-affective image- global image” to compare the projected image and perceived image of Salvador de Bahia. The methods of grounded coding, quantitative content analysis, and LDA modeling are used to explore the characteristics and construction of the destination image. The official websites of the DMO and NTO are used as the source of the projected image, and the tourist-generated content on Trip Advisor is the source of the perceived image. The study found that the city image of Salvador de Bahia is a composite image composed of cognitive image, affective image, and overall images. Among them, there is a certain deviation between the projected image and the perceived image. The differences in the city image of Salvador de Bahia are mainly manifested in the mismatch of supply and demand for specific tourism activities, the dislocation of cognition on infrastructure construction, scenic spot management and maintenance, and social security. The reasons for the discrepancies include subject position differences, inter-subject information reception and interpretation differences, and inter-subject information feedback bias. Based on this, corresponding suggestions are put forward from the perspectives of destination image construction and communication, to provide a reference for the high-quality development of city image construction and cultural heritage tourism in Salvador de Bahia.
2024
中文
151
致 謝 I
摘 要 II
Abstract III
縮 寫 V
目 錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究目的和意義 7
第三節 研究內容和問題 9
第二章 目的地形象建構之相關文獻綜述 12
第一節 旅遊凝視理論和雙向凝視 12
第二節 目的地形象研究 14
第三節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多之城市形象相關研究 31
第三章 研究方法與設計 35
第一節 基於紮根理論的內容分析法運用 35
第二節 基於目的地形象來源確定的樣本選擇與分析路徑 37
第四章 研究分析與發現 56
第一節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多遊客基礎資訊分析 56
第二節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多感知形象分析 63
第三節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多投射形象分析 84
第四節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多感知形象和投射形象對比分析 101
第五章 結論 107
第一節 研究結論與建議 107
第二節 研究不足與展望 116
參考文獻 118
附 錄 127
摘 要 II
Abstract III
縮 寫 V
目 錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究目的和意義 7
第三節 研究內容和問題 9
第二章 目的地形象建構之相關文獻綜述 12
第一節 旅遊凝視理論和雙向凝視 12
第二節 目的地形象研究 14
第三節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多之城市形象相關研究 31
第三章 研究方法與設計 35
第一節 基於紮根理論的內容分析法運用 35
第二節 基於目的地形象來源確定的樣本選擇與分析路徑 37
第四章 研究分析與發現 56
第一節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多遊客基礎資訊分析 56
第二節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多感知形象分析 63
第三節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多投射形象分析 84
第四節 巴伊亞薩爾瓦多感知形象和投射形象對比分析 101
第五章 結論 107
第一節 研究結論與建議 107
第二節 研究不足與展望 116
參考文獻 118
附 錄 127
1. Alalwan, A.A., Rana, N.P., Dwivedi, Y.K., & Algharabat, R.S. (2017). Social media in marketing: A review and analysis of the existing literature. Telematics Informatics, 34, 1177-1190.
2. Aramberri, J., & Liang, C. (2012). The Chinese Gaze: Imaging Europe in Travel Magazines. Tourism Research, 8,3.
3. Ahmed, Z. U. (1991). The influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy. Tourism Management, 12(2), 331-340.
4. Amir, Y., & Ben-Ari, R. (1985). International Tourism, Ethnic Contact, and Attitude Change’. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 105-15.
5. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023). Salvador. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Salvador-Brazil.
6. Bandyopadhyay, R. (2011). A Photo Ethnography of Tourism as Neo-colonialism. Annals of Tourism Research. 38. 714-718.
7. Burke, P. (2010). The cultural history of the travelogue. Przegląd Historyczny, 101(1), 1-11.
8. Bahia.(2010).Centro Antigo de Salvador: Plano de Reabilitação Participativo/Escritório de Referência do Centro Antigo. Salvador: UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/309/.
9. Braga, P. M. (2008). Reabilitação urbana no centro histórico de Salvador: patrimônio cultural, turismo e participação social.
10. Boo, S. Y., & Busser, J. A. (2006). The hierarchical influence of visitor characteristics on tourism destination images. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 19(4), 55-67.
11. Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan & Morais, D. (2005). Representative dissonance: India’s Self and Western Image. Annals of Tourism Research. 32. 1006-1021.
12. Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Tourists' characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: A quantitative analysis—A case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25(4), 623-636.
13. Blei, D.M., et al. (2003) Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993-1022.
14. Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897.
15. Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). US international pleasure travelers' images of four Mediterranean destinations: A comparison of visitors and nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 144-152.
16. Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35 (4), 11-15.
17. Barich, H., & Kotler, P. (1991). A framework for marketing image management. Sloan Management Review, 32(2), 94-104.
18. Boissevain, J. (1979). The Impact of Tourism on a Dependent Island: Gozo, Malta. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(1), 76–90.
19. Britton, R. (1979). The image of the third world in tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(3), 318–329.
20. Chen, Q., Xu, S., Liu, R., & Jiang, Q. (2023). Exploring the discrepancy between projected and perceived destination images: A cross-cultural and sustainable analysis using LDA modeling. Sustainability, 15(12), 9296.
21. Castillo-Manzano, J. I., Castro-Nuño, M., Lopez-Valpuesta, L., & Zarzoso, Á. (2021). Assessing the tourism attractiveness of World Heritage Sites: The case of Spain. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 48, 305-311.
22. Ciccone, A. L. (2012). Cultural Tourism for Salvador, Brazil: A Viable Means of Community Economic Development. University of California, Los Angeles.
23. Calvo-Gonzalez, E., & Duccini, L. (2010). On ‘black culture’and ‘black bodies’: State discourses, tourism and public policies in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. Tourism, power and culture: Anthropological insights, 19, 134.
24. Chun-yang W. & Maxwell K. Hsu (2010). The Relationships of Destination Image, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: An Integrated Model, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 829-843.
25. Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism management, 28(1), 118-129.
26. Chon, K. S. (1991). Tourism destination image modification process: Marketing implications. Tourism Management, 12(1), 68-72.
27. Cohen, E. (1979). A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology, 13(2), 179-201.
28. Court, B., & Lupton, R. A. (1997). Customer portfolio development: Modeling destination adopters, inactives, and rejecter. Journal of Travel Research, 36(1), 35-43.
29. de Azevedo, P. O. (2016). PCH: a preservação do patrimônio cultural e natural como política regional e urbana. Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material, 24(1), 237-256.
30. De-xia , Z. & Jie, H.( 2007).An Empirical Analysis on Influencing Factors of Seaside Tourism Destination Competitiveness. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 23(5), 105-108.
31. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S., & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and the Future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6(1): 5–21.
32. Ekerman, S. (2016). Salvador: The Struggle for Dialogue Within a Heritage City. Architectural Design, 86(3), 106-111.
33. Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13.
34. Ferrer-Rosell, Berta & Marine-Roig, Estela. (2020). Projected Versus Perceived Destination Image. Tourism Analysis,25,227-237.
35. Fakeye, P.C. and Crompton, J.L. (1991) Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 10-16.
36. Goffman, E. (2016). The presentation of self in everyday life. In Social Theory Re-Wired, Routledge.
37. Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007). Promoting tourism destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 15-23.
38. Gillespie, A. (2006). Tourist photography and the reverse gaze. Ethos, 34(3), 343-366.
39. Gallarza, M.G., Saura, I.G. and Garcia, H.C. (2002) Destination Image: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 56-78.
40. Gartner, W. C. (1993). “ Image formation process”. In Communication and channel systems in tourism marketing, 191-215.
41. Gunn, C.A. (1972) Vacationscape: Designing Tourist Regions. Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX.
42. Ha, M. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., Tran, M. T., & Nguyen, S. T. (2023). Online-generated contents fostering travel destination image formation: evidence in Vietnam during COVID-19 pandemic recovery. Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 15(2), 295-323.
43. Hedegard, D. (2013). Blackness and experience in omnivorous cultural consumption: Evidence from the tourism of capoeira in Salvador, Brazil. Poetics, 41(1), 1-26.
44. Holloway, D., Green, L., & Holloway, D. (2011). The intratourist gaze: Grey nomads and ‘other tourists’. Tourist Studies, 11(3), 235-252.
45. Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A., & Willis, P. (Eds.). (1980). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (1st ed.). Routledge.
46. Hunt, J.D. (1971). Image—A Factor in Tourism. Colorado State University Press, Colorado.
47. Inter, T., & Adu-Ampong, E. A. (2021). Residents with the camera: Exploring tourism impacts through participant-generated images. Annals of tourism research, 87, 103-112.
48. Jie, L. & Ruibi, W.(2021). VOSviewer Application Status and Its Knowledge Base. Journal of Library and Information Science in Agriculture, 34(6),61-71.
49. Ji, S., & Wall, G. (2015). Understanding supply-and demand-side destination image relationships: The case of Qingdao, China. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(2), 205-222.
50. Kouklanakis, A. (2021). Roma Negra: Salvador, Brazil, and Afro-Latin American Classicisms. The Classical Outlook, 96(1), 1-6.
51. Lai, K., & Li, X. (2016). Tourism destination image: Conceptual problems and definitional solutions. Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), 1065-1080.
52. Larsen, J. (2014). The Tourist Gaze 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism, 304-313.
53. Lavalle, A., Sydenstricker, J., Andrade, J., Vitale, D., Bratheim, E., & Batata, A. (2013). Urban Chances in Brazil: city Reports Guarulhos, Salvador, and Rio de Janeiro. EADI, Chance2Sustain, European Commission: European Research Area.
54. Larsen, J., & Urry, J. (2011). Gazing and performing. Environment and Planning D, Society and Space, 29(6), 1110-1125.
55. Lin, C. H., Morais, D. B., Kerstetter, D. L., & Hou, J. S. (2007). Examining the role of cognitive and affective image in predicting choice across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 183-194.
56. Mata, I. L., Fossgard, K., & Haukeland, J. V. (2018). Do visitors gaze and reproduce what destination managers wish to commercialise? Perceived and projected image in the UNESCO World Heritage area 《West Norwegian Fjords》. International Journal of Digital Culture and Electronic Tourism, 2(4), 294.
57. Marshall, R., & De Villiers, R. (2015). Marketing tourists gazing into the tourism domain. International Journal of Culture. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(4), 417-422.
58. MAHN, C., (2014). The Virtual Tourist in Greece, 1897-1905. Annals of Tourism Research,48.
59. Moufakkir, O. (2011). The role of cultural distance in mediating the host gaze. Tourist Studies, 11(1), 73-89.
60. Martín, H.S., & Bosque, I.R. (2008). Exploring the cognitive–affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management, 29, 263-277.
61. Maoz, D. (2006). The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221-239.
62. McGregor, A. (2000). Dynamic texts and tourist gaze: Death, bones and buffalo. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), 27-50.
63. Murphy, L. (1999). Australia’s image as a holiday destination—Perceptions of backpacker visitors. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(3), 21-45.
64. Martins, E. R. D. C. (1998). Gonçalves, José Reginaldo Santos. A retórica da perda: os discursos do patrimônio cultural no Brasil. UFRJ/IPHAN, interFACES, 5(1), 117-120.
65. MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1997). Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 537-565.
66. Manning, F. (1978). Carnival in Antigua (Caribbean Sea): An indigenous festival in a tourist economy. Anthropos, 73(1–2), 191–204.
67. Maccannell, Dean. (1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Place in Tourist Setting. American Journal of Sociology. 79. 586-603.
68. Natan , U.(2005).The tourist experience: Conceptual Developments. Annals of Tourism Research,32, 1,199-216.
69. Nobre, E. A. (2002). Urban regeneration experiences in Brazil: Historical preservation, tourism development and gentrification in Salvador de Bahia. Urban Design International, 7, 109-124.
70. Noel, B. & Salazar.(2012). Tourism Imaginaries: A Conceptual Approach. Annals of Tourism Research,39(2), 863-882.
71. Paulo, A. (1988). A recuperação do patrimônio habitacional. Rua – Revista de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 1(1), 35-51.
72. Palmer, C. T. (2014). Tourism, changing architectural styles, and the production of place in Itacaré, Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 12(4), 349-363.
73. Pinho, P. (2008). African-American Roots Tourism in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives - LAT AMER PERSPECT,35,70-86.
74. Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. (2005). Tourism as a force for establishing protected areas: The case of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of sustainable tourism, 13(1), 24-49.
75. Pike, S., & Ryan, C. (2004). Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and cognative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333-342.
76. Paulo, A. (1988).A recuperação do patrimônio habitacional. Rua – Revista de Arquitetura e Urbanismo,1(1), 35-51.
77. Phelps, A. (1986). Holiday destination image — the problem of assessment: An example developed in Menorca. Tourism Management, 7, 168-180.
78. Romo, A. (2022). Selling Black Brazil: Race, Nation, and Visual Culture in Salvador, Bahia. University of Texas Press.
79. Riscado, J. E. (2019). Turismo e participação social na gestão do Centro Histórico de Salvador (BA). Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana, 11.
80. Remoaldo, P. C., Ribeiro, J. C., Vareiro, L., & Santos, J. F. (2014). Tourists’ perceptions of world heritage destinations: The case of Guimarães (Portugal). Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14(4), 206-218.
81. Ryan, C., & Cave, J. (2005). Structuring destination image: A qualitative approach. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143-150.
82. Reilly, M. D. (1990). Free elicitation of descriptive adjectives for tourism image assessment. Journal of travel research, 28(4), 21-26.
83. Reynolds, T.J. (1985), Implications for value research: A macro vs. micro perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 2: 297-305.
84. Russell, James & Pratt, Geraldine. (1980). A Description of the Affective Quality Attributed to Environments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38. 311-322.
85. Silveira, L. P. D. O., & Baptista, M. M. (2019). Imaginative cartographies of Brazil in German and French tourist brochures: exoticization and commoditization. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 13, 69-92.
86. Sant'Anna, M., & Andrade, N. (2016). The historic center of Salvador De Bahia. Contemporary challenges in conservation and management. Environmental Design, 1, 51-69.
87. Sarrica, M., Rega, I., Inversini, A., & Norton, L. S. (2021). Slumming on social media? E-mediated tourist gaze and social representations of Indian, South African, and Brazilian slum tourism destinations. Societies, 11(3), 106.
88. Schensul, S. L., Schensul, J. J., & LeCompte, M. D. (1999). Essential ethnographic methods: Observations, interviews, and questionnaires (Vol. 2). Rowman Altamira.
89. Sirakaya, E., Teye, S. and Sonmez, S. (2002) Understanding Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in the Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 57-67.
90. Song, S. G., & Kim, D. Y. (2016). A Pictorial Analysis of Destination Images on Pinterest: The Case of Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, Japan. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(5), 687–701.
91. Sonmez, S., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2), 185-196.
92. Sroypetch, S. (2016). The mutual gaze: Host and guest perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of backpacker tourism: A case study of the Yasawa Islands, Fiji. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 5(2), 133-144.
93. Stern, E. and Krakover, S. (1993) The Formation of Composite Urban Image. Geographical Analysis, 25, 130-146.
94. Stepchenkova, S., & Zhan, F. (2013). Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590-601.
95. Stern, E., & Krakover, S. (1993). The formation of a composite urban image. Geographical Analysis, 25(2), 130-146.
96. Tapachai, N., & Waryszak, R. (2000). An Examination of the Role of Beneficial Image in Tourist Destination Selection. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 37-44.
97. Tan, A. H. (1999). Text mining: The state of the art and the challenges. In Proceedings of the pakdd 1999 workshop on knowledge disocovery from advanced databases ,65-70.
98. Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. Sage Publications.
99. Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze “revisited”. American Behavioral Scientist,36(2), 172–186.
100. Verma, S. & Yadav, N. (2021). Past, Present, and Future of Electronic Word of Mouth (EWOM). Journal of Interactive Marketing. 53. 111-128.
101. Veijola, S. & Jokinen, E. (1994). The Body in Tourism. Theory, Culture & Society, 11(3), 125-151.
102. Walmsley, D. J. & Jenkins, J. M. (1993). Appraise images of tourist areas: Application of personal construct. Australian Geographer, 24(2), 1-13.
103. Walmsley, D. J. & Young, M. (1998). Evaluative images and tourism: The use of personal constructs to describe the structure of destination images. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 65-69.
104. Wearing, B. & Wearing, S. (1996). Refocussing the tourist experience: the flaneur and the choraster. Leisure Studies, 15(4), 229–243.
105. Zhou, X. (2008). Tourism gaze in modernization and visual culture. Tianjing Social Acience, 1, 111-118.
106. Zhu, D., Wang J., & Wang, M. (2022). Sustainable tourism destination image projection: The inter-influences between DMOs and tourists. Sustainability, 14(5), 3073.
107. Zhu H. & Liu B. (2011)Analysis and Research Implications of the Concepts of Sense of Place, Place Attachment and Place Identity. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 1.
108. 陳靜茜，吳卉，段小霞（2020）。異質想像與旅遊凝視：旅遊評價網站的視覺再現信度——以TripAdvisor的中外遊客攝影圖片為例。遼寧大學學報（哲學社會科學版），48，6。
109. 陳向明，王富偉（2020）。紮根理論研究需要如何讀文獻?——兼論紮根理論不同版本的界定之爭。比較教育學報，2，3-14。
110. 陳紹文，梁玥琳，李豔，餘意峰（2017）。國內外旅遊凝視研究進展綜述。旅遊理論研究，10（3）。
111. 成海（2011）。“旅遊凝視”理論的多向度解讀。太原城市職業技術學院學報，（1） 68-69。
112. 陳向明（1999）。 紮根理論的思路和方法。教育研究與實驗， 4， 58-63。
113. 鄧明豔（2004）。峨眉山旅遊形象定位的探討。西南民族大學學報：人文社會科學版。 25（4）， 3。
114. 馮捷蘊（2011）。北京旅遊目的地形象的感知——中西方旅遊者博客的多維話語分析。旅遊學刊，26，9。
115. 顧錚（2009）。“觀光客的凝視”與“凝視的觀光客”——現代大眾旅遊與攝影實踐。藝術評論，5，15-21。
116. 韓雪 & 劉愛利（2019)。旅遊感知的研究內容及測評方法。旅遊學刊，34（4），106-118。
117. 黃柳婷（2019）。基於旅遊凝視理論的休閒農業文化保護與傳承研究。遼寧經濟，11，72-75。
118. 胡海霞（2010）。凝視還是對話？——對遊客凝視理論的反思。旅遊學刊，25（10）。
119. 冷明陽（2022）。旅遊凝視下文化型海島投射與感知形象對比。未出版碩士論文，遼寧師範大學。
120. 李江敏，黎鑫薇，伍青青 & 赵青青（2021）。非遗旅游目的地投射形象与感知形象对比研究。湖北农业科学，60（16），182。
121. 刘雨潇 & 张建国 （2021）。基于凝视理论的村落景区旅游形象投射与感知比较研究——以浙江杭州天目月乡为例。西南大学学报：自然科学版，43（5），9。
122. 李萍， 陳田，王甫園， 王新歌（2017）。 基於文本挖掘的城市旅遊社區形象感知研究——以北京市為例。地理研究，36（6）， 1106-1122。
123. 李拉揚（2015）。 旅遊凝視: 反思與重構。旅遊學刊， 30（2）， 118-126。
124. 呂興洋，沈雪瑞，梁佳（2015）。線上資訊搜索對目的地感知形象演化影響研究。旅遊學刊，（10）。70-79。
125. 路幸福，陸林（2014）。基於旅遊者凝視的後發型旅遊地文化認同與文化再現。人文地理，29（6），117-124
126. 厲新建（2013）。 文化旅遊，旅遊凝視及其他。旅遊學刊，28（11）8-10。
127. 梁爽（2012）。旅遊凝視的研究綜述。學術探討，11。
128. 林南枝（2009）。旅遊經濟學。南開大學出版社，112。
129. 李宏（2007）。 旅游目的地形象测量的内容与工具研究。人文地理，22（2），48-52。
130. 劉丹萍（2007）。旅遊凝視: 從福柯到厄裡。旅遊學刊， 22（6），91-95。
131. 廖衛華（2005）。旅遊地形象構成與測量方法。江蘇商論，（1）， 3。
132. 劉丹萍（2005）。元陽哈尼梯田旅遊地發育過程研究：在凝視和被凝視之間。未出版碩士論文，中山大學。
133. 李蕾蕾（1995）。旅遊點形象定位初探──兼析深圳景點旅遊形象。 旅遊學刊，03。
134. 彭彩婷，张河清，王蕾蕾（2022）。梅关古道品牌个性特征识别研究。江苏商论，8，46-50。
135. 彭華（1998）。關於旅遊地文化開發的探討。旅遊學刊，（1），4。
136. 錢俊希，張瀚（2016）。 想像展演與權力: 西藏旅遊過程中的“他者性”建構。旅遊學刊，31（6）。
137. 申夢君，烏恩（2019）。旅遊凝視視角下婺源旅遊形象研究——基於官方文本與網絡遊記的對比分析。中南林業科技大學學報（社會科學版），13（3）， 107-114。
138. 王瑩，葉雲（2021）。基於旅遊凝視的傳統村落文化元素視覺表徵研究 ———以宏村為例。旅遊研究，13（3）。
139. 王永明,王美霞,李瑞,吳殿廷（2015）。基於網路文本內容分析的鳳凰古城旅遊地意象感知研究，地理與地理資訊科學，31（1）。
140. 王克坚（1992）。旅游辞典。陕西旅游出版社，67-92。
141. 吳昕陽，趙媛，宋航（2022）。遊客凝視下平遙古城歷時性研究。地域研究與開發。41（4），107-112。
142. 魏雷，錢俊希， 朱竑（2015）。誰的真實性?——瀘沽湖的旅遊凝視與本土認同。旅遊學刊，30（8）。
143. 吳茂英（2012）。 旅遊凝視: 評述與展望。旅遊學刊，3，107-112。
144. 谢彦君（2005）。旅遊體驗研究：一種現象學的視角。南开大学出版社。
145. 謝朝武，黃遠水（2002）。論旅遊地形象策劃的參與型組織模式。旅遊學刊，02，63-67。
146. 葉桂平，柳嘉信（2022）。Boa Viagem文化遺產旅遊，出發！--葡語國家的文化遺產旅遊。巨流圖書股份有限公司，310-329。
147. 陽寧東，楊振之（2014）。第三空間: 旅遊凝視下文化表演的意義重解。四川師範大學學報 （社會科學版），41（1）。
148. 楊冬梅（2012）。 旅遊凝視視角下798藝術區旅遊行為的深度闡釋，未出版碩士論文。東北財經大學。
149. 陽梨，趙玉燕（2011）。旅遊者攝影行為及對旅遊地形象的表徵研究：以鳳凰古城旅遊者為例。三峽論壇，3，48-51。
150. 張江馳，謝朝武（2021）。旅遊凝視視角下城市邊緣型社區居民——遊客價值共創研究，人文地理，6。
151. 鄭瑋博，侯嬌（2020）。 基於旅遊凝視理論的武漢市旅遊形象研究，管理科學與工程， 9（4），202-209。
152. 趙劉，程琦（2017）。 基於網絡文本的無錫旅遊形象IPA模型分析與對策。旅遊論壇，10（6），74-84。
153. 張環宙（2016）。 國際遊客凝視與旅遊文明：基於“印象劉三姐”的實證研究。世界地理研究，6。
154. 周憲（2008）。 現代性與視覺文化中的旅遊凝視。天津社會科學，1，111-118。
2. Aramberri, J., & Liang, C. (2012). The Chinese Gaze: Imaging Europe in Travel Magazines. Tourism Research, 8,3.
3. Ahmed, Z. U. (1991). The influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy. Tourism Management, 12(2), 331-340.
4. Amir, Y., & Ben-Ari, R. (1985). International Tourism, Ethnic Contact, and Attitude Change’. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 105-15.
5. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023). Salvador. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Salvador-Brazil.
6. Bandyopadhyay, R. (2011). A Photo Ethnography of Tourism as Neo-colonialism. Annals of Tourism Research. 38. 714-718.
7. Burke, P. (2010). The cultural history of the travelogue. Przegląd Historyczny, 101(1), 1-11.
8. Bahia.(2010).Centro Antigo de Salvador: Plano de Reabilitação Participativo/Escritório de Referência do Centro Antigo. Salvador: UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/309/.
9. Braga, P. M. (2008). Reabilitação urbana no centro histórico de Salvador: patrimônio cultural, turismo e participação social.
10. Boo, S. Y., & Busser, J. A. (2006). The hierarchical influence of visitor characteristics on tourism destination images. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 19(4), 55-67.
11. Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan & Morais, D. (2005). Representative dissonance: India’s Self and Western Image. Annals of Tourism Research. 32. 1006-1021.
12. Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Tourists' characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: A quantitative analysis—A case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25(4), 623-636.
13. Blei, D.M., et al. (2003) Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993-1022.
14. Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868-897.
15. Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). US international pleasure travelers' images of four Mediterranean destinations: A comparison of visitors and nonvisitors. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 144-152.
16. Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35 (4), 11-15.
17. Barich, H., & Kotler, P. (1991). A framework for marketing image management. Sloan Management Review, 32(2), 94-104.
18. Boissevain, J. (1979). The Impact of Tourism on a Dependent Island: Gozo, Malta. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(1), 76–90.
19. Britton, R. (1979). The image of the third world in tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(3), 318–329.
20. Chen, Q., Xu, S., Liu, R., & Jiang, Q. (2023). Exploring the discrepancy between projected and perceived destination images: A cross-cultural and sustainable analysis using LDA modeling. Sustainability, 15(12), 9296.
21. Castillo-Manzano, J. I., Castro-Nuño, M., Lopez-Valpuesta, L., & Zarzoso, Á. (2021). Assessing the tourism attractiveness of World Heritage Sites: The case of Spain. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 48, 305-311.
22. Ciccone, A. L. (2012). Cultural Tourism for Salvador, Brazil: A Viable Means of Community Economic Development. University of California, Los Angeles.
23. Calvo-Gonzalez, E., & Duccini, L. (2010). On ‘black culture’and ‘black bodies’: State discourses, tourism and public policies in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. Tourism, power and culture: Anthropological insights, 19, 134.
24. Chun-yang W. & Maxwell K. Hsu (2010). The Relationships of Destination Image, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: An Integrated Model, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 829-843.
25. Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism management, 28(1), 118-129.
26. Chon, K. S. (1991). Tourism destination image modification process: Marketing implications. Tourism Management, 12(1), 68-72.
27. Cohen, E. (1979). A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology, 13(2), 179-201.
28. Court, B., & Lupton, R. A. (1997). Customer portfolio development: Modeling destination adopters, inactives, and rejecter. Journal of Travel Research, 36(1), 35-43.
29. de Azevedo, P. O. (2016). PCH: a preservação do patrimônio cultural e natural como política regional e urbana. Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material, 24(1), 237-256.
30. De-xia , Z. & Jie, H.( 2007).An Empirical Analysis on Influencing Factors of Seaside Tourism Destination Competitiveness. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 23(5), 105-108.
31. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S., & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and the Future. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6(1): 5–21.
32. Ekerman, S. (2016). Salvador: The Struggle for Dialogue Within a Heritage City. Architectural Design, 86(3), 106-111.
33. Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13.
34. Ferrer-Rosell, Berta & Marine-Roig, Estela. (2020). Projected Versus Perceived Destination Image. Tourism Analysis,25,227-237.
35. Fakeye, P.C. and Crompton, J.L. (1991) Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 10-16.
36. Goffman, E. (2016). The presentation of self in everyday life. In Social Theory Re-Wired, Routledge.
37. Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007). Promoting tourism destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 15-23.
38. Gillespie, A. (2006). Tourist photography and the reverse gaze. Ethos, 34(3), 343-366.
39. Gallarza, M.G., Saura, I.G. and Garcia, H.C. (2002) Destination Image: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 56-78.
40. Gartner, W. C. (1993). “ Image formation process”. In Communication and channel systems in tourism marketing, 191-215.
41. Gunn, C.A. (1972) Vacationscape: Designing Tourist Regions. Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX.
42. Ha, M. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., Tran, M. T., & Nguyen, S. T. (2023). Online-generated contents fostering travel destination image formation: evidence in Vietnam during COVID-19 pandemic recovery. Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 15(2), 295-323.
43. Hedegard, D. (2013). Blackness and experience in omnivorous cultural consumption: Evidence from the tourism of capoeira in Salvador, Brazil. Poetics, 41(1), 1-26.
44. Holloway, D., Green, L., & Holloway, D. (2011). The intratourist gaze: Grey nomads and ‘other tourists’. Tourist Studies, 11(3), 235-252.
45. Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A., & Willis, P. (Eds.). (1980). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (1st ed.). Routledge.
46. Hunt, J.D. (1971). Image—A Factor in Tourism. Colorado State University Press, Colorado.
47. Inter, T., & Adu-Ampong, E. A. (2021). Residents with the camera: Exploring tourism impacts through participant-generated images. Annals of tourism research, 87, 103-112.
48. Jie, L. & Ruibi, W.(2021). VOSviewer Application Status and Its Knowledge Base. Journal of Library and Information Science in Agriculture, 34(6),61-71.
49. Ji, S., & Wall, G. (2015). Understanding supply-and demand-side destination image relationships: The case of Qingdao, China. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(2), 205-222.
50. Kouklanakis, A. (2021). Roma Negra: Salvador, Brazil, and Afro-Latin American Classicisms. The Classical Outlook, 96(1), 1-6.
51. Lai, K., & Li, X. (2016). Tourism destination image: Conceptual problems and definitional solutions. Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), 1065-1080.
52. Larsen, J. (2014). The Tourist Gaze 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism, 304-313.
53. Lavalle, A., Sydenstricker, J., Andrade, J., Vitale, D., Bratheim, E., & Batata, A. (2013). Urban Chances in Brazil: city Reports Guarulhos, Salvador, and Rio de Janeiro. EADI, Chance2Sustain, European Commission: European Research Area.
54. Larsen, J., & Urry, J. (2011). Gazing and performing. Environment and Planning D, Society and Space, 29(6), 1110-1125.
55. Lin, C. H., Morais, D. B., Kerstetter, D. L., & Hou, J. S. (2007). Examining the role of cognitive and affective image in predicting choice across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 183-194.
56. Mata, I. L., Fossgard, K., & Haukeland, J. V. (2018). Do visitors gaze and reproduce what destination managers wish to commercialise? Perceived and projected image in the UNESCO World Heritage area 《West Norwegian Fjords》. International Journal of Digital Culture and Electronic Tourism, 2(4), 294.
57. Marshall, R., & De Villiers, R. (2015). Marketing tourists gazing into the tourism domain. International Journal of Culture. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(4), 417-422.
58. MAHN, C., (2014). The Virtual Tourist in Greece, 1897-1905. Annals of Tourism Research,48.
59. Moufakkir, O. (2011). The role of cultural distance in mediating the host gaze. Tourist Studies, 11(1), 73-89.
60. Martín, H.S., & Bosque, I.R. (2008). Exploring the cognitive–affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management, 29, 263-277.
61. Maoz, D. (2006). The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221-239.
62. McGregor, A. (2000). Dynamic texts and tourist gaze: Death, bones and buffalo. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(1), 27-50.
63. Murphy, L. (1999). Australia’s image as a holiday destination—Perceptions of backpacker visitors. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(3), 21-45.
64. Martins, E. R. D. C. (1998). Gonçalves, José Reginaldo Santos. A retórica da perda: os discursos do patrimônio cultural no Brasil. UFRJ/IPHAN, interFACES, 5(1), 117-120.
65. MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1997). Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 537-565.
66. Manning, F. (1978). Carnival in Antigua (Caribbean Sea): An indigenous festival in a tourist economy. Anthropos, 73(1–2), 191–204.
67. Maccannell, Dean. (1973). Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Place in Tourist Setting. American Journal of Sociology. 79. 586-603.
68. Natan , U.(2005).The tourist experience: Conceptual Developments. Annals of Tourism Research,32, 1,199-216.
69. Nobre, E. A. (2002). Urban regeneration experiences in Brazil: Historical preservation, tourism development and gentrification in Salvador de Bahia. Urban Design International, 7, 109-124.
70. Noel, B. & Salazar.(2012). Tourism Imaginaries: A Conceptual Approach. Annals of Tourism Research,39(2), 863-882.
71. Paulo, A. (1988). A recuperação do patrimônio habitacional. Rua – Revista de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 1(1), 35-51.
72. Palmer, C. T. (2014). Tourism, changing architectural styles, and the production of place in Itacaré, Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 12(4), 349-363.
73. Pinho, P. (2008). African-American Roots Tourism in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives - LAT AMER PERSPECT,35,70-86.
74. Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. (2005). Tourism as a force for establishing protected areas: The case of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of sustainable tourism, 13(1), 24-49.
75. Pike, S., & Ryan, C. (2004). Destination positioning analysis through a comparison of cognitive, affective, and cognative perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 333-342.
76. Paulo, A. (1988).A recuperação do patrimônio habitacional. Rua – Revista de Arquitetura e Urbanismo,1(1), 35-51.
77. Phelps, A. (1986). Holiday destination image — the problem of assessment: An example developed in Menorca. Tourism Management, 7, 168-180.
78. Romo, A. (2022). Selling Black Brazil: Race, Nation, and Visual Culture in Salvador, Bahia. University of Texas Press.
79. Riscado, J. E. (2019). Turismo e participação social na gestão do Centro Histórico de Salvador (BA). Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana, 11.
80. Remoaldo, P. C., Ribeiro, J. C., Vareiro, L., & Santos, J. F. (2014). Tourists’ perceptions of world heritage destinations: The case of Guimarães (Portugal). Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14(4), 206-218.
81. Ryan, C., & Cave, J. (2005). Structuring destination image: A qualitative approach. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143-150.
82. Reilly, M. D. (1990). Free elicitation of descriptive adjectives for tourism image assessment. Journal of travel research, 28(4), 21-26.
83. Reynolds, T.J. (1985), Implications for value research: A macro vs. micro perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 2: 297-305.
84. Russell, James & Pratt, Geraldine. (1980). A Description of the Affective Quality Attributed to Environments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38. 311-322.
85. Silveira, L. P. D. O., & Baptista, M. M. (2019). Imaginative cartographies of Brazil in German and French tourist brochures: exoticization and commoditization. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, 13, 69-92.
86. Sant'Anna, M., & Andrade, N. (2016). The historic center of Salvador De Bahia. Contemporary challenges in conservation and management. Environmental Design, 1, 51-69.
87. Sarrica, M., Rega, I., Inversini, A., & Norton, L. S. (2021). Slumming on social media? E-mediated tourist gaze and social representations of Indian, South African, and Brazilian slum tourism destinations. Societies, 11(3), 106.
88. Schensul, S. L., Schensul, J. J., & LeCompte, M. D. (1999). Essential ethnographic methods: Observations, interviews, and questionnaires (Vol. 2). Rowman Altamira.
89. Sirakaya, E., Teye, S. and Sonmez, S. (2002) Understanding Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in the Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 57-67.
90. Song, S. G., & Kim, D. Y. (2016). A Pictorial Analysis of Destination Images on Pinterest: The Case of Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, Japan. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(5), 687–701.
91. Sonmez, S., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2), 185-196.
92. Sroypetch, S. (2016). The mutual gaze: Host and guest perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of backpacker tourism: A case study of the Yasawa Islands, Fiji. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 5(2), 133-144.
93. Stern, E. and Krakover, S. (1993) The Formation of Composite Urban Image. Geographical Analysis, 25, 130-146.
94. Stepchenkova, S., & Zhan, F. (2013). Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590-601.
95. Stern, E., & Krakover, S. (1993). The formation of a composite urban image. Geographical Analysis, 25(2), 130-146.
96. Tapachai, N., & Waryszak, R. (2000). An Examination of the Role of Beneficial Image in Tourist Destination Selection. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 37-44.
97. Tan, A. H. (1999). Text mining: The state of the art and the challenges. In Proceedings of the pakdd 1999 workshop on knowledge disocovery from advanced databases ,65-70.
98. Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. Sage Publications.
99. Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze “revisited”. American Behavioral Scientist,36(2), 172–186.
100. Verma, S. & Yadav, N. (2021). Past, Present, and Future of Electronic Word of Mouth (EWOM). Journal of Interactive Marketing. 53. 111-128.
101. Veijola, S. & Jokinen, E. (1994). The Body in Tourism. Theory, Culture & Society, 11(3), 125-151.
102. Walmsley, D. J. & Jenkins, J. M. (1993). Appraise images of tourist areas: Application of personal construct. Australian Geographer, 24(2), 1-13.
103. Walmsley, D. J. & Young, M. (1998). Evaluative images and tourism: The use of personal constructs to describe the structure of destination images. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 65-69.
104. Wearing, B. & Wearing, S. (1996). Refocussing the tourist experience: the flaneur and the choraster. Leisure Studies, 15(4), 229–243.
105. Zhou, X. (2008). Tourism gaze in modernization and visual culture. Tianjing Social Acience, 1, 111-118.
106. Zhu, D., Wang J., & Wang, M. (2022). Sustainable tourism destination image projection: The inter-influences between DMOs and tourists. Sustainability, 14(5), 3073.
107. Zhu H. & Liu B. (2011)Analysis and Research Implications of the Concepts of Sense of Place, Place Attachment and Place Identity. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 1.
108. 陳靜茜，吳卉，段小霞（2020）。異質想像與旅遊凝視：旅遊評價網站的視覺再現信度——以TripAdvisor的中外遊客攝影圖片為例。遼寧大學學報（哲學社會科學版），48，6。
109. 陳向明，王富偉（2020）。紮根理論研究需要如何讀文獻?——兼論紮根理論不同版本的界定之爭。比較教育學報，2，3-14。
110. 陳紹文，梁玥琳，李豔，餘意峰（2017）。國內外旅遊凝視研究進展綜述。旅遊理論研究，10（3）。
111. 成海（2011）。“旅遊凝視”理論的多向度解讀。太原城市職業技術學院學報，（1） 68-69。
112. 陳向明（1999）。 紮根理論的思路和方法。教育研究與實驗， 4， 58-63。
113. 鄧明豔（2004）。峨眉山旅遊形象定位的探討。西南民族大學學報：人文社會科學版。 25（4）， 3。
114. 馮捷蘊（2011）。北京旅遊目的地形象的感知——中西方旅遊者博客的多維話語分析。旅遊學刊，26，9。
115. 顧錚（2009）。“觀光客的凝視”與“凝視的觀光客”——現代大眾旅遊與攝影實踐。藝術評論，5，15-21。
116. 韓雪 & 劉愛利（2019)。旅遊感知的研究內容及測評方法。旅遊學刊，34（4），106-118。
117. 黃柳婷（2019）。基於旅遊凝視理論的休閒農業文化保護與傳承研究。遼寧經濟，11，72-75。
118. 胡海霞（2010）。凝視還是對話？——對遊客凝視理論的反思。旅遊學刊，25（10）。
119. 冷明陽（2022）。旅遊凝視下文化型海島投射與感知形象對比。未出版碩士論文，遼寧師範大學。
120. 李江敏，黎鑫薇，伍青青 & 赵青青（2021）。非遗旅游目的地投射形象与感知形象对比研究。湖北农业科学，60（16），182。
121. 刘雨潇 & 张建国 （2021）。基于凝视理论的村落景区旅游形象投射与感知比较研究——以浙江杭州天目月乡为例。西南大学学报：自然科学版，43（5），9。
122. 李萍， 陳田，王甫園， 王新歌（2017）。 基於文本挖掘的城市旅遊社區形象感知研究——以北京市為例。地理研究，36（6）， 1106-1122。
123. 李拉揚（2015）。 旅遊凝視: 反思與重構。旅遊學刊， 30（2）， 118-126。
124. 呂興洋，沈雪瑞，梁佳（2015）。線上資訊搜索對目的地感知形象演化影響研究。旅遊學刊，（10）。70-79。
125. 路幸福，陸林（2014）。基於旅遊者凝視的後發型旅遊地文化認同與文化再現。人文地理，29（6），117-124
126. 厲新建（2013）。 文化旅遊，旅遊凝視及其他。旅遊學刊，28（11）8-10。
127. 梁爽（2012）。旅遊凝視的研究綜述。學術探討，11。
128. 林南枝（2009）。旅遊經濟學。南開大學出版社，112。
129. 李宏（2007）。 旅游目的地形象测量的内容与工具研究。人文地理，22（2），48-52。
130. 劉丹萍（2007）。旅遊凝視: 從福柯到厄裡。旅遊學刊， 22（6），91-95。
131. 廖衛華（2005）。旅遊地形象構成與測量方法。江蘇商論，（1）， 3。
132. 劉丹萍（2005）。元陽哈尼梯田旅遊地發育過程研究：在凝視和被凝視之間。未出版碩士論文，中山大學。
133. 李蕾蕾（1995）。旅遊點形象定位初探──兼析深圳景點旅遊形象。 旅遊學刊，03。
134. 彭彩婷，张河清，王蕾蕾（2022）。梅关古道品牌个性特征识别研究。江苏商论，8，46-50。
135. 彭華（1998）。關於旅遊地文化開發的探討。旅遊學刊，（1），4。
136. 錢俊希，張瀚（2016）。 想像展演與權力: 西藏旅遊過程中的“他者性”建構。旅遊學刊，31（6）。
137. 申夢君，烏恩（2019）。旅遊凝視視角下婺源旅遊形象研究——基於官方文本與網絡遊記的對比分析。中南林業科技大學學報（社會科學版），13（3）， 107-114。
138. 王瑩，葉雲（2021）。基於旅遊凝視的傳統村落文化元素視覺表徵研究 ———以宏村為例。旅遊研究，13（3）。
139. 王永明,王美霞,李瑞,吳殿廷（2015）。基於網路文本內容分析的鳳凰古城旅遊地意象感知研究，地理與地理資訊科學，31（1）。
140. 王克坚（1992）。旅游辞典。陕西旅游出版社，67-92。
141. 吳昕陽，趙媛，宋航（2022）。遊客凝視下平遙古城歷時性研究。地域研究與開發。41（4），107-112。
142. 魏雷，錢俊希， 朱竑（2015）。誰的真實性?——瀘沽湖的旅遊凝視與本土認同。旅遊學刊，30（8）。
143. 吳茂英（2012）。 旅遊凝視: 評述與展望。旅遊學刊，3，107-112。
144. 谢彦君（2005）。旅遊體驗研究：一種現象學的視角。南开大学出版社。
145. 謝朝武，黃遠水（2002）。論旅遊地形象策劃的參與型組織模式。旅遊學刊，02，63-67。
146. 葉桂平，柳嘉信（2022）。Boa Viagem文化遺產旅遊，出發！--葡語國家的文化遺產旅遊。巨流圖書股份有限公司，310-329。
147. 陽寧東，楊振之（2014）。第三空間: 旅遊凝視下文化表演的意義重解。四川師範大學學報 （社會科學版），41（1）。
148. 楊冬梅（2012）。 旅遊凝視視角下798藝術區旅遊行為的深度闡釋，未出版碩士論文。東北財經大學。
149. 陽梨，趙玉燕（2011）。旅遊者攝影行為及對旅遊地形象的表徵研究：以鳳凰古城旅遊者為例。三峽論壇，3，48-51。
150. 張江馳，謝朝武（2021）。旅遊凝視視角下城市邊緣型社區居民——遊客價值共創研究，人文地理，6。
151. 鄭瑋博，侯嬌（2020）。 基於旅遊凝視理論的武漢市旅遊形象研究，管理科學與工程， 9（4），202-209。
152. 趙劉，程琦（2017）。 基於網絡文本的無錫旅遊形象IPA模型分析與對策。旅遊論壇，10（6），74-84。
153. 張環宙（2016）。 國際遊客凝視與旅遊文明：基於“印象劉三姐”的實證研究。世界地理研究，6。
154. 周憲（2008）。 現代性與視覺文化中的旅遊凝視。天津社會科學，1，111-118。
