本校學位論文庫
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吴健星
王逸雯
大健康學院
應用心理學碩士學位課程
碩士
2023
澳門圍絕經期女性身體意象與心理困擾關係 : 自尊和認知重評的作用
A Study on the Body Image and Psychological Distress of Perimenopausal Women in Macau : The Role of Self Esteem and Cognitive Reappraisal
圍絕經期女性 ; 身體意象 ; 心理困擾 ; 自尊 ; 認知重評
Perimenopause ; Body Image ; Self-esteem ; Cognitive reappraisal; psychological health
公開日期：27/5/2027
圍絕經期是女性一生中必經的階段，這是一個重要且複雜的階段，伴隨著卵巢功能的逐漸衰退和月經的終止，女性將面臨諸多問題，首先可能會因為自身身體形象的改變而產生身體意象問題，對身體的滿意度下降，其次對自身產生負面的自我評價，認為自己不如以前，自尊遭遇挑戰，另外，還會產生多種心理困擾，如抑鬱、焦慮、恐懼等，這些心理困擾可能與她們對衰老的恐懼、社會角色的改變、家庭關係的變化以及疾病的影響有關。通過對澳門圍絕經期女性身體意象對心理困擾的關係研究，發現其內在的影響機制，為她們的心理健康干預提供了可參考的途徑。
本研究通過問卷調查的方式對澳門本地647位處於圍絕經期的女性的身體意象、自尊、認知重評、心理困擾四個方面進行研究。一方面瞭解她們身體意象、自尊、認知重評、心理困擾的基本情況，另一方面探究圍絕經期女性身體意象和心理困擾的關係，探索自尊和認知重評在兩者之間的作用機制。本研究的結果如下：
（1）總體而言，澳門圍絕經期女性身體意象得分處於中等水平，即被試所感受到的身體意象問題較低；GHQ-12量表中提示存在心理困擾問題的被試佔比為7.6%，平均得分為20.49分，顯著低於臨界值27分，即被試所感受到的心理困擾程度較低。
（2）身體意象、自尊、認知重評、心理困擾四者之間存在顯著的兩兩相關。身體意象、自尊和認知重評對心理困擾有顯著的負向預測，身體意象、認知重評對自尊有顯著的正向預測。
（3）自尊在身體意象和心理困擾中存在部分中介作用，即身體意象除了直接影響心理困擾的產生外，還能通過影響自尊水平來影響心理困擾。
（4）認知重評在身體意象和自尊間具有調節效應，即善用認知重評策略的個體更能適應性地看待自身身體形象，更能以積極的心態面對圍絕經期帶來的身體形象變化，有著更高的自尊水平。
從研究結果來看，本研究得出以下结论，對身體滿意程度越高的個體，自尊水平越高，其心理困擾程度就越低，而在應對圍絕經期帶來的身體變化時，更善用認知重評策略的個體，其自尊水平越高。最後，基於本文的研究成果，針對圍絕經期女性的心理健康提出一些建議，希望能夠用過理論指導心理健康實踐，同時，本研究存在一定的局限於不足，對之後的研究提出了展望。
本研究通過問卷調查的方式對澳門本地647位處於圍絕經期的女性的身體意象、自尊、認知重評、心理困擾四個方面進行研究。一方面瞭解她們身體意象、自尊、認知重評、心理困擾的基本情況，另一方面探究圍絕經期女性身體意象和心理困擾的關係，探索自尊和認知重評在兩者之間的作用機制。本研究的結果如下：
（1）總體而言，澳門圍絕經期女性身體意象得分處於中等水平，即被試所感受到的身體意象問題較低；GHQ-12量表中提示存在心理困擾問題的被試佔比為7.6%，平均得分為20.49分，顯著低於臨界值27分，即被試所感受到的心理困擾程度較低。
（2）身體意象、自尊、認知重評、心理困擾四者之間存在顯著的兩兩相關。身體意象、自尊和認知重評對心理困擾有顯著的負向預測，身體意象、認知重評對自尊有顯著的正向預測。
（3）自尊在身體意象和心理困擾中存在部分中介作用，即身體意象除了直接影響心理困擾的產生外，還能通過影響自尊水平來影響心理困擾。
（4）認知重評在身體意象和自尊間具有調節效應，即善用認知重評策略的個體更能適應性地看待自身身體形象，更能以積極的心態面對圍絕經期帶來的身體形象變化，有著更高的自尊水平。
從研究結果來看，本研究得出以下结论，對身體滿意程度越高的個體，自尊水平越高，其心理困擾程度就越低，而在應對圍絕經期帶來的身體變化時，更善用認知重評策略的個體，其自尊水平越高。最後，基於本文的研究成果，針對圍絕經期女性的心理健康提出一些建議，希望能夠用過理論指導心理健康實踐，同時，本研究存在一定的局限於不足，對之後的研究提出了展望。
Perimenopause is an important and complex stage that women must go through throughout their lives. With the gradual decline of ovarian function and the termination of menstruation, women will face many problems. Firstly, they may experience body image problems due to changes in their body image, leading to a decrease in satisfaction with their body. Secondly, they may have negative self-evaluation of themselves, believing that they are not as good as before and facing challenges in self-esteem. In addition, they may also experience various psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, fear, etc. These psychological problems may be related to their fear of aging, changes in social roles, changes in family relationships, and the impact of diseases. By studying the relationship between body imagery and psychological distress in perimenopausal women in Macau, we have discovered its underlying mechanisms, providing a reference for their psychological health interventions.
This study investigated the body image, self-esteem, cognitive reappraisal, and psychological distress of 647 local menopausal women in Macau through a questionnaire survey. On the one hand, understand the basic situation of their body image, self-esteem, cognitive reappraisal, and psychological distress; on the other hand, explore the relationship between body image and psychological distress of perimenopausal women, and explore the mechanism of self-esteem and cognitive reappraisal in the relationship between the two. The results of this study are as follows:
(1) Overall, the body image score of perimenopausal women in Macau is at a moderate level, indicating that the subjects experience lower levels of body image problems. The proportion of subjects with psychological distress indicating the presence of psychological distress problems is 7.6%, with an average score of 20.49 points, significantly lower than the critical value of 27 points, indicating a lower level of psychological distress experienced by the subjects.
(2) There is a significant pairwise correlation between body imagery, self-esteem, cognitive reappraisal, and psychological distress. Body image, self-esteem, and cognitive reappraisal have a significant negative prediction of psychological distress, while body image and cognitive reappraisal have a significant positive prediction of self-esteem,.
(3) Self esteem partially mediates the relationship between body image and psychological distress, meaning that body image not only directly affects the generation of psychological distress, but also influences psychological distress by influencing self-esteem levels.
(4) Cognitive reappraisal has a moderating effect on the relationship between body image and self-esteem, meaning that individuals who utilize cognitive reappraisal strategies are more adaptable to their own body image and can face changes in body image caused by menopause with a positive attitude, resulting in higher levels of self-esteem.
From the research results, the following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
Individuals with higher levels of physical satisfaction have higher levels of self-esteem and lower levels of psychological distress. However, individuals who are more adept at using cognitive reappraisal strategies when dealing with physical changes brought about by menopause have higher levels of self-esteem. Finally, based on the research findings of this article, some suggestions are proposed for the mental health of perimenopausal women, hoping to use theory to guide mental health practice. At the same time, this study has certain limitations and shortcomings, and prospects for future research are proposed.
This study investigated the body image, self-esteem, cognitive reappraisal, and psychological distress of 647 local menopausal women in Macau through a questionnaire survey. On the one hand, understand the basic situation of their body image, self-esteem, cognitive reappraisal, and psychological distress; on the other hand, explore the relationship between body image and psychological distress of perimenopausal women, and explore the mechanism of self-esteem and cognitive reappraisal in the relationship between the two. The results of this study are as follows:
(1) Overall, the body image score of perimenopausal women in Macau is at a moderate level, indicating that the subjects experience lower levels of body image problems. The proportion of subjects with psychological distress indicating the presence of psychological distress problems is 7.6%, with an average score of 20.49 points, significantly lower than the critical value of 27 points, indicating a lower level of psychological distress experienced by the subjects.
(2) There is a significant pairwise correlation between body imagery, self-esteem, cognitive reappraisal, and psychological distress. Body image, self-esteem, and cognitive reappraisal have a significant negative prediction of psychological distress, while body image and cognitive reappraisal have a significant positive prediction of self-esteem,.
(3) Self esteem partially mediates the relationship between body image and psychological distress, meaning that body image not only directly affects the generation of psychological distress, but also influences psychological distress by influencing self-esteem levels.
(4) Cognitive reappraisal has a moderating effect on the relationship between body image and self-esteem, meaning that individuals who utilize cognitive reappraisal strategies are more adaptable to their own body image and can face changes in body image caused by menopause with a positive attitude, resulting in higher levels of self-esteem.
From the research results, the following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
Individuals with higher levels of physical satisfaction have higher levels of self-esteem and lower levels of psychological distress. However, individuals who are more adept at using cognitive reappraisal strategies when dealing with physical changes brought about by menopause have higher levels of self-esteem. Finally, based on the research findings of this article, some suggestions are proposed for the mental health of perimenopausal women, hoping to use theory to guide mental health practice. At the same time, this study has certain limitations and shortcomings, and prospects for future research are proposed.
2024
中文
80
致 謝 I
摘 要 III
Abstract V
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XI
第一章 緒論 12
1.1 研究背景 12
1.2 研究意義 15
1.2.1 理論意義 15
1.2.2 實踐意義 15
第二章 基本概念和相關文獻綜述 17
2.1 圍絕經期心理困擾 17
2.1.1 圍絕經期心理困擾的影響因素 17
2.1.2 圍絕經期心理困擾測量 20
2.2 身體意象 22
2.2.1 身體意象的相關理論 22
2.2.2 身體意象的測量 24
2.3 自尊 26
2.3.1 自尊的測量 27
2.4 認知重評 28
2.4.1 認知重評的研究 29
2.4.2 認知重評的測量 29
第三章 問題提出與研究假設 31
3.1 問題提出 31
3.2 研究目的 32
3.3 變量間的關係與研究假設 33
3.3.1 身體意象與心理困擾的關係 33
3.3.2 自尊的中介作用 34
3.3.3 認知重評的調節作用 35
第四章 研究對象與方法 38
4.1 研究對象 38
4.2 研究方法 38
4.2.1 身體意象狀態量表（Body image states scale,BISS） 38
4.2.2 羅森伯格自尊量表(Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, SES) 39
4.2.3 情緒調節問卷((Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, ERQ ) 39
4.2.4 一般健康問卷(GHQ-12) 39
第五章 研究結果 41
5.1 共同方法偏差檢驗分析 41
5.2 圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的分析 41
5.2.1 圍絕經期女性身體意象分析 41
5.2.2 圍絕經期女性自尊分析 43
5.2.3 圍絕經期女性認知重評分析 44
5.2.4 圍絕經期女性心理困擾分析 46
5.3 圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的相關性檢驗 47
5.4 模型檢驗 48
第六章 討論 51
6.1 圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的分析討論 51
6.1.1圍絕經期女性身體意象的分析討論 51
6.1.2圍絕經期女性自尊的分析討論 53
6.1.3圍絕經期女性認知重評的分析討論 54
6.1.4圍絕經期女性心理困擾的分析討論 55
6.2圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾四者關係的分析討論 56
6.2.1圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的相關關係討論 56
6.2.2自尊是身體意象和心理困擾關係的中介變量 57
6.2.3認知重評是身體意象和自尊的調節變量 59
第七章 建議 61
第八章 研究結論與局限 63
8.1 研究結論 63
8.2 研究局限 63
8.3 改進方向 64
參考文獻 66
作者簡歷 74
附 錄 75
摘 要 III
Abstract V
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XI
第一章 緒論 12
1.1 研究背景 12
1.2 研究意義 15
1.2.1 理論意義 15
1.2.2 實踐意義 15
第二章 基本概念和相關文獻綜述 17
2.1 圍絕經期心理困擾 17
2.1.1 圍絕經期心理困擾的影響因素 17
2.1.2 圍絕經期心理困擾測量 20
2.2 身體意象 22
2.2.1 身體意象的相關理論 22
2.2.2 身體意象的測量 24
2.3 自尊 26
2.3.1 自尊的測量 27
2.4 認知重評 28
2.4.1 認知重評的研究 29
2.4.2 認知重評的測量 29
第三章 問題提出與研究假設 31
3.1 問題提出 31
3.2 研究目的 32
3.3 變量間的關係與研究假設 33
3.3.1 身體意象與心理困擾的關係 33
3.3.2 自尊的中介作用 34
3.3.3 認知重評的調節作用 35
第四章 研究對象與方法 38
4.1 研究對象 38
4.2 研究方法 38
4.2.1 身體意象狀態量表（Body image states scale,BISS） 38
4.2.2 羅森伯格自尊量表(Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, SES) 39
4.2.3 情緒調節問卷((Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, ERQ ) 39
4.2.4 一般健康問卷(GHQ-12) 39
第五章 研究結果 41
5.1 共同方法偏差檢驗分析 41
5.2 圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的分析 41
5.2.1 圍絕經期女性身體意象分析 41
5.2.2 圍絕經期女性自尊分析 43
5.2.3 圍絕經期女性認知重評分析 44
5.2.4 圍絕經期女性心理困擾分析 46
5.3 圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的相關性檢驗 47
5.4 模型檢驗 48
第六章 討論 51
6.1 圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的分析討論 51
6.1.1圍絕經期女性身體意象的分析討論 51
6.1.2圍絕經期女性自尊的分析討論 53
6.1.3圍絕經期女性認知重評的分析討論 54
6.1.4圍絕經期女性心理困擾的分析討論 55
6.2圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾四者關係的分析討論 56
6.2.1圍絕經期女性身體意象、自尊、認知重評和心理困擾的相關關係討論 56
6.2.2自尊是身體意象和心理困擾關係的中介變量 57
6.2.3認知重評是身體意象和自尊的調節變量 59
第七章 建議 61
第八章 研究結論與局限 63
8.1 研究結論 63
8.2 研究局限 63
8.3 改進方向 64
參考文獻 66
作者簡歷 74
附 錄 75
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