A Study of the Legal Regime of International Commercial Arbitration in Brazil -The Historical Development of Arbitration and the Interaction of the Judiciary as a Perspective
國際商事仲裁 ; 巴西仲裁法 ; 巴西仲裁法律框架 ; 巴西司法機關與仲裁的互動關系
international Commercial Arbitration ; Brazilian Arbitration Law ; Brazilian Legal Framework for Arbitration ; Interaction between the Brazilian Judiciary and Arbitration
This article is a study of the legal regime of international commercial arbitration in Brazil, focusing on the reasons for the rapid development of international commercial arbitration in Brazil in a short period of time. Prior to the enactment of the Brazilian Arbitration Law, the Brazilian arbitration legal system was hidden in various laws based on the Constitution, the Civil Code and the Code of Civil Procedure. The reasons why Brazilian arbitration practice became a "black sheep" in the early years of the Brazilian arbitration system have been identified in the study of the historical background of the Brazilian arbitration system, namely the validity of arbitration clauses and the requirement of double authentication of foreign awards by the judiciary, which not only deviated from the trend of modern international commercial arbitration, but also seriously hindered the rapid development of Brazilian international commercial arbitration in the short term. This is not only a departure from the modern trend of international commercial arbitration, but also a serious obstacle to the smooth development of international commercial arbitration in Brazil. As a result, the lack of an adequate legal and regulatory framework, the hostility towards foreign investors and the reluctance to sign international conventions regulating foreign arbitral awards have led to a significant delay in the development of Brazilian arbitration law. The turning point in the Brazilian international commercial arbitration landscape was the enactment of the Brazilian Arbitration Act in 1996, which not only incorporates the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, but also brings the specific norms more in line with international standards. The enactment of the Brazilian Arbitration Act was followed by a judicial review by the Brazilian Supreme Constitutional Court of a constitutional challenge to the Arbitration Act, which led to the formalisation of the Brazilian Arbitration Act in the light of what was perceived by the international arbitration community and the Brazilian state as an imminent improvement in the development of arbitration. The reason for the unconstitutionality was the conflict between the principles of the Brazilian Constitution and the content of the Brazilian Arbitration Law. At the end of the five-year constitutional review period, Brazil rapidly ratified international conventions and regional treaties on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, resulting in a quantum leap in the number of arbitrations and the arbitral environment. In recent practice, it is worthwhile to examine in detail how the Brazilian judiciary's interaction with arbitration-related activities has improved, in particular the reduction of the limits of judicial intervention in the various aspects of arbitration, the acceptance of more cases of assistance and the adoption of relevant rules to support arbitration. This article analyses the historical changes in Brazilian law, the legislative background and the regulatory framework of arbitration, and also discusses the interaction between the Brazilian judiciary (courts) and arbitration after the enactment of the Arbitration Act, and concludes that the rapid development of Brazilian arbitration is a result of the enactment of the Arbitration Act, the adoption of the constitutional review and the improvement of the regulatory framework of arbitration, as well as the positive interaction between the judiciary and arbitration.
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