Non suicidal self injury (NSSI) refers to an individual's intentional act of harming their own body, which usually does not involve suicidal intent. Common forms of such behavior include cuts, burns, or impacts. Its main purpose is to alleviate emotional pain, stress, or other psychological distress through physical injury. Non suicidal self injury is often associated with emotional regulation difficulties, psychological distress, impulse control disorders, and other factors. It is a complex psychological and behavioral phenomenon that is common in adolescent populations. Negative experiences experienced by adolescents can become risk factors for non suicidal self harm.
Bullying experience refers to the process in which an individual repeatedly experiences intentional harm, insults, or rejection from others in social interactions, resulting in negative impacts on their psychological, emotional, and social functioning. This study explores the negative psychological effects of bullying on adolescents, extracts non suicidal self injury as the outcome variable, introduces loneliness and family function as two variables to construct a relationship model, aiming to explore the association between non suicidal self injury, bullying experience, loneliness, and family function in adolescents, further explore the underlying mechanism between bullying experience and non suicidal self injury, verify the mediating role of loneliness between the two, and the moderating role of family function in it.
This study used the Chinese version of the Delaware Bullying Scale and the Adolescent Self Harming Behavior Scale UCLA A questionnaire survey was conducted on 747 high school students in Shandong Province using the Loneliness Scale, Family Intimacy and Adaptability Scale. Using statistical software SPSS28.0 Build a relationship model between bullying experience, non suicidal self injury, loneliness, and family functioning. The research found the following.
(1) There are significant differences in loneliness among high school students of different genders. The differences in demographic variables were not significant for other variables.
(2) The detection rate of non suicidal self injury among high school students is 13.9%.
(3) There is a significant correlation between experiences of bullying, non suicidal self injury among high school students, feelings of loneliness, and family functioning.
(4) Loneliness partially mediates the relationship between bullying experiences and non suicidal self harm among high school students.
(5) Family function plays a moderating role in the relationship between bullying experience, loneliness, and non suicidal self harm behavior among high school students.
The conclusion of this study is that high school students' experiences of bullying can not only directly predict their non suicidal self harm behavior, but also indirectly affect the occurrence of non suicidal self harm behavior through their level of loneliness. Family functioning can effectively regulate the impact of high school students' experiences of bullying and loneliness on their non suicidal self harm behavior.
1.常遠, 齊冰.(2023).負性生活事件與初中生自傷行為:有調節的仲介模型.應用心理學(04),309-316.
2.馮玉. (2008). 青少年自我傷害行為與個體情緒因素和家庭環境因素的關係 [碩
士, 華中師範大學].
3.郝義彬, 張恒榛, 吳柯, 田卓旸, 趙明揚, & 張文森等. (2022). 父母婚姻品質與中小學生受欺淩及NSSI 行為的關係.中國學校衛生, 43(9), 4.
4.胡旺, 殷映群, 鄒儀瑄. (2019). 江西省初中生與高中生非自殺性自傷行為特徵及影響因素比較. 現代預防醫學, 46(2), 305-309+331.
5.胡陽, 範翠英, 張鳳娟,周然. (2013). 初中生不同網路欺負角色行為的特點及與抑鬱的關係.中國心理衛生雜誌, 27(12), 913-917.
6.黃希庭.(2004).簡明心理學辭典.安徽人民出版社.
7.蔣家麗, 李立言, 李子穎, 雷秀雅, & 孟澤龍. (2022). 青少年非自殺性 NSSI 行為持續和停止的預測性因素. 心理科學進展, 30(7), 1536-1545.
8.李傳銀.(1998).大學生的孤獨心理探析.淄博師專學報(03).
9.李芳霞.(2017).校園欺淩行為狀況調查及干預策略研究. 寧夏社會科學(03),133-136.
10.李婷婷,程樂 & 鐘蓉.(2025).青少年抑鬱症患者家庭功能對其非自殺性自傷行為的影響:自我效能感、心理彈性的仲介效應. 中國健康心理學雜誌(03),351-357.
11.李振陽,王皋茂,班晨,宋京瑤,高賀.(2021).青少年非自殺性自傷現狀及危險因素研
究進展.國際精神病學雜(04),586-589.
12.劉燊, 洪新偉, 陳燕鈴, 宋明華, 張林. (2022). 中學生受欺淩與抑鬱情緒的關係:
安全感與自尊的仲介作用. 應用心理學, 28(06), 516-523.
13.沈曉霜, 鐘慧, 莫大明, 蔡沂, 孫瑩.(2019).初中生自殺意念、自傷行為與生活事件的相關性.中國健康心理學雜誌(12),1859-1862.
14.唐寒梅, 陳小龍, 盧飛騰, 傅燕豔, 胡旺, & 詹文韻等. (2018). 欺淩行為與青少年非自殺性 NSSI 關係的 meta 分析.中國循證醫學雜誌, 18(7), 8.
15.童文德, 雷千樂, & 江琴. (2021). 初中生校園被欺淩行為與非自殺性 NSSI 的關係: 羞恥感的仲介作用.中國健康心理學雜誌, 13.
16.王建平. (2021). 青少年非自殺性 NSSI:影響因素與教育啟示.中國青年社會科學, 40(5), 76.
17.吳素梅. (2007). 受欺負經驗引發學生心理問題的仲介機制探究. 廣西師範大學學報:哲學社會科學版, 43(1), 105-109.
18.葉娟, 王少傑, & 汪耿夫. (2023). 初中生遭受同伴欺淩和生活滿意度與 NSSI 行為的關聯.中國學校衛生, 44(9), 1360-1364.
19.張滿燕, 袁勇貴.(2019). 中國家庭功能量表的編制及信度效度研究.心理學通訊,2(2):101-108.
20.張衛,王華華, 喻承甫.(2021).網路受欺淩與青少年非自殺性自傷:抑鬱、親子溝通的作用. 中國青年社會科學(05),88-96.
21.趙永霞,邢青霞,龍彥汝,孫文娟,劉子鈺, 張雪雁. (2021). 農村留守兒童孤獨感與負性生活事件的相關性. 中國婦幼保健(04),864-866.
22.朱智賢. (1989). 心理學大詞典.北京師範大學出版社.
23.Asher, S. R. , & Paquette, J. A. (2003). Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 75-78.
24.Bala N. (1994). The evolving Canadian definition of the family: Towards a pluralistic and fimctional approach. International Journal of Law,Policy and the Family, 8(3):293-318.
25.Beavers,R.,& Hampson,R. B.(2000). The Beavers Systems Model of Family Functioning. Journal of Family Therapy,22(2):128-143.
26.Bowen M. (1974). Alcoholism as viewed through family systems theory and family psychotherapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, (233):125-132.
27.Chen, L., Liu, Y., & Xie, J. (2024). Hope and perceived social support moderate the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and loneliness among middle school students in China. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 312.
28.Claes, L., Houben, A., Vandereycken, W., Bijttebier, P., & Muehlenkamp, J. (2009). Brief report: The association between non-suicidal self-injury, self-concept and acquaintance with self-injurious peers in a sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence (London, England.), 33(5), 775-778.
29.Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
30.Fox, K. R., toole, K. E., Franklin, J. C., & Hooley, J. M. (2017). Why does nonsuicidal self-injury improve mood? A preliminary test of three hypotheses. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(1), 111-121.
31.Huang, X., Liu, H., Lan, Z., & Deng, F. (2023). The effect of loneliness on non-suicidal self-injury behavior in Chinese junior high school adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Psychological Research and Behavioral Management, 16, 1831-1843.
32.Kaess, M. , Parzer, P. , Mattern, M. , Plener, P. L. , Bifulco, A. , & Resch, F . (2012). Adverse childhood experiences and their impact on frequency, severity, and the individual function of nonsuicidai self-injury in youth. psychiatry res, 206(2-3):265-272.
33.Kiekens, G., Hasking, P., Boyes, M., Claes, L., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Green, J. G., Kessler, R. C., Myin-Germeys, I., Nock, M. K., & Bruffaerts, R. (2018). the associations between nonsuicidal self-injury and first onset suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 171-179
34.Klonsky, E. D. . (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226-239.
35.Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., & Saffer, B. Y. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury: What we
know, and what we need to know. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(11), 565-568.
36.Liu, X., et al. (2016). Family functioning as a moderator in the relationship between bullying experiences and loneliness among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 52-59.
37.Mcclelland, H. , Evans, J. J. , & O'Connor, R. C. . (2021). Exploring the role of loneliness in relation to self-injurious thoughts and behaviour in the context of the integrated motivational-volitional model. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 141, 309-317.
38.Michelson , D., & Bhugra, D.(2012). Family environment, expressed emotion and adolescent self-harm: A review of conceptual, empirical, cross-cultural and clinical perspectives. International Review of Psychiatry, (24)(2): 106-114.
39.Miller,I. W.,Ryan,C. E.,Keitner,G. I.,Bishop,D. S.,& Epstein,N. B.(2000). The McMaster Approach to Families: theory, assessment, treatment and research. Journal of Family Therapy, 22 (2):168-189
40.Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and
functions of self-injury. Current directions in psychological science, 18(2), 78-83.
41.Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363.
42.Olson,David,& H. (2000). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22 (2):144-167.
43.Olweus, D. (1993). bullied at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
44.Ostrov, J. M. , & Kamper, K. E. (2015). Future directions for re⁃ search on the development of relational and physical peer victimization. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44, 509-519.
45.Perlman, G., Gromatsky, M.,& Salis, K. L.(2018). Personality Correlates of Self-Injury in Adolescent Girls: Disentangling the Effects of Lifetime Psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol , 46(8): 1677-1685.
46.Schatten, H. t., Andover, M. S., & Armey, M. F. (2015). the roles of social stress and decision-making in non-suicidal self-injury. Psychiatry Research, 229(3), 983-991.
47.Shevlin Mark,Murphy Siobhan,Mallett John... & Murphy Jamie.(2013).Adolescent
loneliness and psychiatric morbidity in Northern Ireland. The British journal of
clinical psychology, (2).
48.Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. ( 2008 ) . Cyberbullied: Another main type of bullied? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49( 2) , 147 -154.
49.Stapinski, L. A., Araya, R., Heron, J., Montgomery, A. A., & Stallard, P. (2015). Peer victimization during adolescence: Concurrent and prospective impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 28(1), 105-120.
50.Steyn, G. M., & Singh, G. D. (2018). Managing bullying in South African secondary schools: a case study. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(6), 1029-1040.
51.Syed, S., Kingsbury, M., Bennett, K., Manion, I., & Colman, I. (2020). Adolescents’knowledge of a peerʼs non-suicidal self-injury and own non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142(5), 366-373.
52.Tang, J. , Li, G. , Chen, B. , Huang, Z. , Zhang, Y. , Chang, H. , Yu, Y. (2018). Prevalence of and risk factors for non - suicidal self - injury in rural China: Results from a nationwide survey in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 188 - 195.
53.Van der Laan, A. M., et al. (2015). The association between loneliness and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 185, 214-220.
54.Wang, Q. , Wang, H. , & Liu, X. (2020). Loneliness, non - suicidal self - injury, and friendship quality among Chinese left - behind adolescents: The role of parent - child cohesion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, 193 - 200.
55.Yang, K. , & Victor, C. . (2011). Age and loneliness in 25 european nations. Ageing &
Society, 31(08), 1368-1388.