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黄祎
胡海建
教育學院
教育學博士學位課程(中文學制)
博士
2024
多語制視域下澳門中學生文化認同、語言態度與語言教育的關係研究
Cultural Identity, Language Attitudes and Language Education among Macao Secondary Students in Multilingualism
多語制;文化認同 ; “三文四語 ; 多元文化 ; 語言態度 ; 語言教育
multilingualism ; cultural identity ; triliteracy and quadrilingualism ; multiculture ; language attitude ; language education
公開日期:27/5/2028
多語制是澳門社會語言活力的特徵,中文、葡語、英語是澳門的主流語言,促進了澳門多文化的融合發展及教育體系的多樣化。澳門多語言多文化的現狀與其發展歷史和不同時期的語言政策有著必然的聯係,也有其現實的意義。
本研究基於文化认同理论、语言态度理论、教育与文化的关系理论的理論探究了澳門中學生的文化認同、語言態度與語言教育的關係,運用定量的問卷和質性的訪談編碼的方法,探究了澳門中學的文化認同、語言態度以及語言教育的現狀、構成、關係,形成了適合澳門語言環境下的文化認同和語言態度理論,通過多元回歸分析探究了文化認同、語言態度影響語言教育的回歸模型。
為了達到研究目的,本研究從澳門的粵語授課學校、英語授課學校、葡語授課學校、普通話授課學校等四類學校各抽取一定數量的樣本,共獲得634份樣本資料,量化部分本研究通過文化認同量表、語言態度量表、語言教育量表,探究澳門中學生的文化認同、語言態度和語言教育的關係,進行了差異性分析、相關性分析、多元線性回歸分析,構建了三者關係的結構方程模型。為了進一步驗證和補充量化研究的結果,編制了半結構化訪談大綱,主要圍繞多元文化的選擇和認同,“三文四語”的語言態度,語言教育的現狀和認知,文化認同、語言態度與語言教育的關係等問題對11名澳門的中學生及相關的教育工作者展開訪談,運用紮根理論對訪談資料進行編碼分析。主要研究結論如下:
一、澳門中學生的文化認同的縂特徵是多元文化認同,由澳門本地文化、中華文化、粵語文化、英語文化、葡語文化等構成,彼此之間相互融合、相互影響,形成了澳門多元文化相容並包的的文化特質,具有國家文化認同、地方文化認同、全球文化認同、語言文化認同組成。
二、澳門中學生的主流的語言態度是支持多語。澳門中學生對多語態度的支持主要表現在兩個方面:一是多語言價值,二是多語言認知。對於澳門中學生的語言態度,澳門中學生普遍認可和接納中英葡多語言的價值,普通話作為國家通用語和族群共同語,澳門中學生能夠熟練掌握使用普通話,並且在日常交流中逐漸普及化。英語作為全球語言和國際通用語,澳門中學生的英語程度普遍較內地高,對英語的接受程度高,認識到英語對於未來個人出國和跨文化溝通中的重要地位,同時,大多數學生能夠較好的用英語溝通。粵語是澳門地區的方言和母語,也是澳門族群的共同語,是澳門人出生後自然習得的語言,對粵語有較強的情感依戀,也是澳門文化的象徵,在澳門中學生的口頭交流中佔據主導地位。
三、澳門不同類別的學校的第一語言、第二語言、第三語言的多語言課程配置為培養粵普英葡的多語能力的人才奠定了課程和語言教學保障。1/2的澳門中學生認更喜歡雙語或多語的課堂,具體表現在支持中英雙語的比例大於支持中葡雙語。
四、量化研究證實了文化認同、語言態度、語言教育之間兩兩存在顯著的相關關係及回歸關係,文化認同正向影響語言態度,澳門文化認同和亞文化認同可以顯著正向預測語言態度。語言態度正向影響語言教育多語言價值對語言教育存在正向的影響關係,文化認同正向影響語言教育,澳門文化認同對語言教育起到正向的影響關係;文化認同、語言態度對語言教育起著正向的顯著影響關係。文化認同通過語言態度間接正向影響語言教育。
五、根據質性編碼結果構建了文化認同、語言態度和語言教育的關係模型圖,得出:文化認同、語言態度、語言教育之間互相影響;文化認同通過語言使用影響語言態度;語言態度通過語言認同影響語言教育。
Multilingualism is a characteristic of the linguistic vitality of Macau society, with Chinese, Portuguese, and English being the dominant languages. This has promoted the integration and development of Macau's multiculture and the diversification of its education system. The current state of multilingualism and multiculture in Macau is closely related to its historical development and language policies during different periods, and has practical significance.
This study explores the relationship between cultural identity, language attitude, and language education of Macau secondary school students based on the theory of culture identity, language attitude, and the relationship between education and culture. Using both quantitative surveys and qualitative interview coding methods, it investigates the current status, components, and relationships of cultural identity, language attitudes, and language education in Macau secondary schools. The study develops a cultural identity and language attitude theory suitable for the linguistic environment of Macau. Through multiple regression analysis, it explores the regression model of how cultural identity and language attitude influence language education.
To achieve the research objectives, the study sampled a certain number of students from four types of schools in Macau: Cantonese-medium, English-medium, Portuguese-medium, and Mandarin-medium schools, obtaining a total of 634 valid responses. The quantitative part of the study uses cultural identity, language attitude, and language education scales to explore the relationships among these three factors in Macau secondary school students. Differential analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted, and a structural equation model was built to describe relationships. To further validate and complement the quantitative findings, a semi-structured interview outline was developed, focusing on issues such as the selection and recognition of multiculturalism, the language attitudes toward the triliteracy (Chinese, English, and Portuguese),and quadrilingualism (Cantonese, Mandarin, English, and Portuguese), the current status and perceptions of language education, and the relationship between cultural identity, language attitude, and language education. Eleven secondary school students and relevant educational professionals in Macau were interviewed, and the data were coded and analyzed using grounded theory. The main findings of the research are as follows:
The overall characteristic of cultural identity in Macau secondary school students is multicultural identity, consisting of local Macau culture, Chinese culture, Cantonese culture, English culture, and Portuguese culture, which interweave and influence each other. This forms the cultural characteristic of Macau's inclusive and compatible multiculture, comprising national cultural identity, local cultural identity, global cultural identity, and language cultural identity.
The predominant language attitude among Macau secondary school students is supportive of multilingualism. Their support for multilingualism is manifested in two aspects: first, the value of multilingualism; second, the cognitive acceptance of multilingualism. Macau students generally recognize and accept the value of Chinese, English, and Portuguese multilingualism. Mandarin, as the national lingua franca and a shared ethnic language, is well mastered by Macau students and is increasingly used in daily communication. English, as a global language and international lingua franca, is spoken at a higher level than in mainland China. Macau students generally have a high level of acceptance of English and recognize its importance for future overseas study and cross-cultural communication. Most students are capable of communicating effectively in English. Cantonese, being the local dialect and native language of Macau, is a common language among Macau’s ethnic groups. It is emotionally cherished by the people of Macau and serves as a symbol of Macau's culture. It plays a dominant role in verbal communication among Macau students.
The multilingual curriculum arrangement of first, second, and third languages in different types of schools in Macau provides a solid foundation for nurturing talents with multilingual proficiency in Cantonese, Mandarin, English, and Portuguese. Half of Macau secondary school students prefer bilingual or multilingual classrooms, with a stronger preference for Chinese-English bilingual classes over Chinese-Portuguese bilingual classes.
The quantitative research confirmed that there are significant correlations and regression relationships between cultural identity, language attitudes, and language education. Cultural identity positively influences language attitudes. Macau cultural identity and subcultural identity significantly predict language attitudes. Language attitudes positively affect language education, with the value of multilingualism having a positive impact on language education. Cultural identity positively influences language education, with Macau cultural identity positively affecting language education. Both cultural identity and language attitudes have a significant positive effect on language education. Cultural identity indirectly influences language education through language attitudes.
Based on the qualitative coding results, a relationship model diagram was constructed for cultural identity, language attitudes, and language education, indicating that these three factors influence each other. Cultural identity influences language attitudes through language use, and language attitudes affect language education through language identity.
2025
中文
367
致 謝 I
摘 要 III
Abstract VI
目 錄 X
圖目錄 XVIII
表目錄 XX
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.1.1 澳門的中西方文化和多語社會的形成 3
1.1.2 澳門非高等教育政策 4
1.1.3 澳門中學生的族群構成 6
1.1.4 澳門中學生的語言能力 8
1.2 研究意義 9
1.2.1 理論意義 9
1.2.2 實踐意義 10
1.3 研究目的與研究問題 10
1.3.1 研究目的 10
1.3.2 研究問題 11
1.4 研究創新點 12
第二章 文獻綜述 13
2.1 文化認同 13
2.1.1 什麼是文化?什麼是認同? 13
2.1.2 什麼是文化認同 17
2.1.3 文化涵化及雜交文化 23
2.1.4 双重文化主义(Biculturalism) 25
2.1.5 文化認同的維度及其構成 26
2.2 語言態度 31
2.2.1 語言態度的定義和分類 31
2.2.2 語言態度的研究方法 33
2.2.2 澳門語言態度的研究歷程(1980-2025) 34
2.3 多語制下澳門的語言教育 41
2.3.1 葡語的使用與地位 43
2.3.2 英語在澳門的歷史及其使用與地位 43
2.3.3 中文的使用與地位 44
2.3.4澳門的語言政策、語言規劃與語言教育 44
2.4 核心概念界定和理论 51
2.4.1 多語制 51
2.4.2 文化認同理論 53
2.4.3 语言态度理论 55
2.4.4 教育与文化的关系理论 55
2.4.3 澳門中學生的文化認同 56
2.4.4 澳門中學生的语言态度 60
2.4.5 澳門中學生的语言教育 62
2.5 文化認同、語言態度與語言教育的關係研究 62
2.5.1 澳門的文化認同與語言態度的關係 62
2.5.2 澳門的語言態度與語言教育的關係 66
2.5.3 澳門的語言教育與文化認同的關係 67
2.5.4 澳門的文化認同、語言態度和語言教育的關係 69
第三章 方法論 73
3.1 研究範式(Research Paradigm) 73
3.1.1本體論(ontology) 73
3.1.2 認識論(epistemology) 74
3.1.3 方法論(methodology) 74
3.1.4 價值論(axiology) 74
3.2 研究框架 74
3.2.1 文化認同、語言態度、語言教育的維度分析 75
3.2.2 維度的内在邏輯關係 76
3.2.3 研究框架及路徑 78
3.3 研究假設 78
3.4 研究問題 79
3.5 研究方法 79
3.5.1 研究設計 79
3.5.2 問卷調查法 80
3.5.3 質性訪談法 81
3.6 研究工具 81
3.6.1 文化認同量表(MCIQ) 81
3.6.2 語言態度量表(MMLAS) 82
3.6.3 澳門語言教育調查問卷(MLEQ) 82
3.6.4 半結構訪談的開放式問題 82
3.7 倫理審查(Research ethics) 83
3.8 數據收集 83
3.9 資料分析(Data Analysis) 84
3.10 預調研 85
第四章 量化分析的研究結果 87
4.1 樣本特徵分佈描述 87
4.2 文化認同、語言態度與語言教育量表的信度分析 88
4.3 項總計統計 89
4.3.1 文化認同量表的項總計統計 90
4.3.2 語言態度量表的項總計統計 90
4.3.3 語言教育量表的項總計統計 92
4.4 文化認同、語言態度與語言教育量表的效度分析 93
4.5探索性因數分析(EFA) 94
4.5.1 文化認同量表的探索性因數分析 94
4.5.2 語言態度量表的探索性因數分析 96
4.5.3 語言教育量表的探索性因數分析 104
4.6 共同方法偏差檢驗(CMV) 106
4.7 驗證性因數分析(CFA) 107
4.7.1 文化認同的驗證性因數分析 107
4.7.2 語言態度量表的驗證性因數分析 111
4.7.3 語言教育量表的驗證性因數分析 117
4.8 描述性統計及正態性檢驗 120
4.8.1 文化認同量表的描述性統計及正態性檢驗 120
4.8.2語言態度量表的描述性統計及正態性檢驗 121
4.8.3 語言教育量表的描述性統計及正態性檢驗 122
4.8.4不同背景變項在語言使用和語言偏好上的多重回應分析 123
4.9文化認同的差異性分析 139
4.9.1 性別在文化認同上的獨立樣本t檢驗 140
4.9.2 年級在文化認同上的單因素方差分析 141
4.9.3 出生地在文化認同上的單因素方差分析 144
4.9.4 國籍在文化認同上的單因素方差分析 146
4.9.5 族群在文化認同上的單因素方差分析 148
4.9.6 宗教信仰在文化認同上的獨立樣本t檢驗 151
4.9.7 學校教學語言在文化認同上的單因素方差分析 152
4.9.8 母語在文化認同上的單因素方差分析 155
4.10 語言態度的差異性分析 157
4.10.1 性別在語言態度上的獨立樣本t檢驗 157
4.10.2 年級在語言態度上的單因素方差分析 159
4.10.3 出生地在語言態度上的單因素方差分析 160
4.10.4 國籍在語言態度上的單因素方差分析 162
4.10.5 族群在語言態度上的單因素方差分析 164
4.10.6 宗教信仰在語言態度上的獨立樣本t檢驗 166
4.10.7學校教學語言在語言態度上的單因素方差分析 167
4.10.8 母語在語言態度上的單因素方差分析 170
4.10.9 語言使用、語言偏好和人口統計變數的卡方檢驗 172
4.11語言教育的差異性分析 190
4.11.1性別在語言教育上的獨立樣本t檢驗 190
4.11.2 年級在語言教育上的單因素方差分析 192
4.11.3 出生地在語言教育上的單因素方差分析 193
4.11.4 國籍在語言教育上的單因素方差分析 195
4.11.5 族群在語言教育上的單因素方差分析 197
4.11.6 宗教信仰在語言教育上的t檢驗 199
4.11.7 學校教學語言在語言教育上的單因素方差分析 200
4.11.8 母語在語言教育上的單因素方差分析 201
4.12 文化認同、語言態度與語言教育的相關分析 203
4.13文化認同、語言態度、語言教育的結構方程模型 204
4.13.1 語言態度作為仲介變數的模型擬合 204
4.13.2 語言態度作為仲介變數的路徑關係的假設檢驗結果 205
4.13.3 Boostrap仲介效應檢驗 206
4.14多元線性回歸分析 207
4.14.1文化認同各維度對語言態度的影響因素的分層回歸 208
4.14.2 語言態度各維度對語言教育的影響因素的分層回歸 210
4.14.3 文化認同各維度對語言教育的影響因素的分層回歸 211
4.14.4 文化認同、語言態度對語言教育的多元回歸分析 212
4.14.5 PROCESS的仲介效應分析 213
4.14.6 小結 217
第五章 質性分析的研究結果 218
5.1 研究設計 218
5.1.1 研究對象 218
5.1.2 研究方法 218
5.1.3 研究過程 219
5.2 數據編碼與分析 220
5.2.1 訪談對象與訪談提綱 220
5.2.2 開放性編碼提煉概念和範疇 221
5.2.3 主軸編碼確立主範疇 222
5.2.4 選擇性編碼完成核心範疇 222
5.3 研究結果(Findings/Results) 225
5.3.1 文化認同 225
5.3.2 語言使用 229
5.3.3 語言態度 233
5.3.4 語言認同 236
5.3.5 語言教育 240
5.3.6 文化認同、語言態度和語言教育的關係 241
5.4 質性研究結論 242
5.4.1 文化認同 242
5.4.2 語言態度 245
5.4.3 語言教育 247
5.4.4 三者關係 248
第六章 研究結論與討論 253
6.1 主要結論 254
6.1.1 澳門中學生具有多元文化認同 254
6.1.2 澳門中學生具備語言使用、語言偏好和語言態度的多語能力 255
6.1.3 澳門具有多軌並行的多語言的教育配置 258
6.1.4 文化認同、語言態度、語言教育之間的相關關係 260
6.1.5 年級、國籍、授課語言、母語在文化認同、語言態度、語言教育上存在顯著差異 263
6.1.6 澳門中學生文化認同、語言態度、語言教育的关系的结构方程模型 268
6.2 討論 269
6.2.1 澳門中學生的多元文化認同的模型 269
6.2.2 澳門中學生的語言態度的模型 272
6.2.3 澳門的語言政策、語言規劃和語言教育 275
6.2.4 小結 277
6.3 研究貢獻 279
6.3.1 實證貢獻 279
6.3.2 理論貢獻 281
6.3.3 方法論貢獻 282
6.3.4 知識拓展與領域發展 282
6.4 後續研究建議 283
6.4.1 研究的局限性 283
6.4.2 未來研究方向 283
6.4.3 建議 284
參考文獻 290
作者簡歷 298
附 錄 300
附錄1 澳門文化認同調查問卷 300
Macao Cultural Identity Questionnaire(MCIQ) 300
附錄2 澳門多語言態度量表 302
Macao Multilingual Language Attitude Scale(MMLAS) 302
附錄3 澳門多語言教育調查問卷 304
Macao Multilingual education Questionnaire(MMEQ) 304
附錄4 半結構訪談大綱 306
Semi-structured Interview Protocol 306
附錄5 民族認同量表(修改版)(MEIM-R) 307
附錄6 個人/焦點訪談知情同意書 308
附录7 表134 文化認同、語言態度、語言教育的開放性編碼 309
附录8 表135 主軸編碼形成的主範疇 328
附錄9 表141 澳門中學生的文化認同的頻率表 332
附錄10 表142 澳門中學生的語言使用、語言偏好和語言態度的調查結果 334
附錄11 表 143 澳門中學生的多語態度的頻率表(N=634) 336
附錄12 表145 澳門中學生對多語教育量表的結果 338


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本論文以澳門中學生為研究對象,探究了澳門中學生的文化認同、語言態度和語言教育,為構建多元文化下的中華文化共同體、築牢中華民族共同體意識提供了可靠的研究。 引用本論文請注明出處。